Corresponding Author: Jason W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC-2V9, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada (bussejw@mcmaster.ca).
Accepted for Publication: October 30, 2018.
Author Contributions: Drs Busse and Wang had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Busse, Schandelmaier, Johnston, Buckley, Sessler, Guyatt.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Busse, Wang, Kamaleldin, Craigie, Riva, Montoya, Mulla, Lopes, Vogel, Chen, Kirmayr, De Oliveira, Olivieri, Kaushal, Chaparro, Oyberman, Agarwal, Couban, Tsoi, Lam, Vandvik, Hsu, Bala, Schandelmaier, Scheidecker, Ebrahim, Ashoorion, Rehman, Hong, Sun, Buckley, Guyatt.
Drafting of the manuscript: Busse, Craigie, Kirmayr, Oyberman, Ebrahim, Johnston.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Busse, Wang, Kamaleldin, Craigie, Riva, Montoya, Mulla, Lopes, Vogel, Chen, De Oliveira, Olivieri, Kaushal, Chaparro, Agarwal, Couban, Tsoi, Lam, Vandvik, Hsu, Bala, Schandelmaier, Scheidecker, Ebrahim, Ashoorion, Rehman, Hong, Sun, Buckley, Sessler, Guyatt.
Statistical analysis: Wang.
Obtained funding: Busse, Johnston, Buckley.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Kamaleldin, Craigie, Riva, Lopes, Vogel, Kirmayr, De Oliveira, Olivieri, Kaushal, Chaparro, Oyberman, Agarwal, Couban, Lam, Vandvik, Hsu, Ebrahim, Rehman, Hong.
Supervision: Busse, Craigie, Vandvik, Buckley.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Buckley reported receiving personal fees from Purdue Pharma and Nova Scotia College of Physicians and Surgeons. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by grant 119801 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and grant 1516-HQ-000017 from Health Canada. Dr Riva is supported by a PhD training award from the NCMIC Foundation.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: We thank Wichor Bramer, BSc (Erasmus University Medical Center), Brian Alper, MD, MSPH, FAAFP (DynaMed Plus, EBSCO Health), and Neera Bhatnagar, BSc, MLiS (McMaster University Health Sciences Library), for peer review of the MEDLINE search strategy. We thank Yaping Chang, PhD (Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University), Yvgeniy Oparin, BHSc (Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University), Kayli Culig, BHSc (Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto), Raad Yameen, MD (Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto and Department of Family Medicine, University of Manitoba), Curtis May, BKin (Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia), Anna Goshua, BHSc (Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University), Annie Lok, HBA, MHE (Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University), and Regina Li, HBA, MSc (Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University) for screening citations. We thank Norman Buckley, MD (Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University), Dwight Moulin, MD (Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University), David Juurlink, MD, PhD (Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Toronto), Sol Stern, MD (Argus Medical Centre, Oakville), and Lydia Hatcher, MD (Department of Family Medicine, St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton), for review and feedback regarding the morphine equianalgesic table. We thank Linn Brandt, MD (Department of Internal Medicine, Gjøvik Sykehus, Sykehuset Innlandet Hospital Trust), Jan Brozek, MD, PhD (Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University), Eva Dobos, MD (Szeged University of Medicine), Toshiaki A. Furukawa, MD, PhD (Departments of Health Promotion and Human Behavior and of Clinical Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health), Andrea Rita Horvath, MD, PhD (Department of Clinical Chemistry and Endocrinology, New South Wales Health Pathology), Roman Jaeschke, MD, MSc (Department of Medicine, McMaster University), Annette Kristiansen, MD (Department of Health and Science, University of Oslo), Frances LeBlanc, DC (New Brunswick Chiropractic Association), Giovanna Lurati Buse, MD, MSc (Basel University Hospital), Irene Marzona, Pharmacy DR, MSc (IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri), Marek Nemec, MD (Department of Emergency Medicine, Basel University Hospital), Josef Prazak MD, PhD (Bern University Hospital), Dmitry Shiktorov, MD (Canadian Centre for Clinical Trials), Aran Tajika, MD (Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health), Brian Younho Hong, BHSc (Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa), and Konstantin Tikhonov, MD (University Health Network, Toronto), for screening the full texts of non-English articles. No financial compensation was provided to any of these individuals.
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