Corresponding Author: Jeff S. Healey, MD, 30 Birge St, Room C3-121, Hamilton, ON L8L 0A6, Canada (jeff.healey@phri.ca).
Accepted for Publication: February 15, 2019.
Published Online: April 8, 2019. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0617
Author Contributions: Dr Healey had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Healey, Gladstone, Mundl, Hankey, Pagola, Shuaib, Berkowitz, Hart, Connolly.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Healey, Gladstone, Swaminathan, Eckstein, Mundl, Epstein, Haeusler, Mikulik, Kasner, Toni, Arauz, Ntaios, Hankey, Perera, Pagola, Lutsep, Yang, Uchiyama, Endres, Coutts, Karlinski, Czlonkowska, Molina, Santo, Berkowitz, Hart.
Drafting of the manuscript: Healey, Gladstone, Swaminathan, Pagola, Hart.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Gladstone, Eckstein, Mundl, Epstein, Haeusler, Mikulik, Kasner, Toni, Arauz, Ntaios, Hankey, Perera, Pagola, Shuaib, Lutsep, Yang, Uchiyama, Endres, Coutts, Karlinski, Czlonkowska, Molina, Santo, Berkowitz, Hart, Connolly.
Statistical analysis: Swaminathan, Ntaios.
Obtained funding: Berkowitz, Hart, Connolly.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Healey, Eckstein, Yang, Uchiyama, Berkowitz, Hart.
Supervision: Healey, Haeusler, Pagola, Uchiyama, Molina, Hart, Connolly.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Healey reports grants from Bayer during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from Bristol-Meyers Squibb/Pfizer outside the submitted work; personal fees from Servier outside the submitted work; and is the Population Health Research Institute Chair in Cardiology Research. Dr Gladstone reports personal fees from Bayer, Bristol-Meyers Squibb/Pfizer, and Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work and serves as a Medical Monitor for the ARCADIA trial. Dr Eckstein reports personal fees and other support from the University Hospital Basel during the conduct of the study. Dr Mundl reports grants from Bayer during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Bayer outside the submitted work and is an employee of Bayer but did not suggest any changes to this article. Dr Epstein reports grants from University of Pennsylvania during the conduct of the study. Dr Haeusler reports grants from Bayer during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Metronic during the conduct of the study; nonfinancial support from Getemed AG during the conduct of the study; and personal fees from Edwards Lifesciences and Sanofi-Aventis outside the submitted work. Dr Mikulik reports grants from Project no.LQ1605 from the National Program of Sustainability II of the Ministry of Education of Czech Republic during the conduct of the study. Dr Kasner reports grants and personal fees from Bayer and Janssen Pharmaceutical during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work; and grants and personal fees from Medtronic and WL Gore outside the submitted work. Dr Toni reports grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and personal fees from Bayer, Pfizer, Medtronic, and Abbott Laboratories outside the submitted work. Dr Arauz reports other support from Bayer during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Bayer outside the submitted work. Dr Ntaios reports grants, personal fees, and nonfinancial support from Bayer during the conduct of the study and grants and nonfinancial support from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Pfizer outside the submitted work. Dr Hankey reports personal fees from Bayer during the conduct of the study and outside the submitted work. Dr Perera reports grants from Bayer AG during the conduct of the study and outside the submitted work. Dr Shuaib reports other support from University of Alberta during the conduct of the study. Dr Lutsep reports personal fees from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (via Mayo Clinic), Abbott Laboratories, Coherex Medical, and Medscape outside the submitted work. Dr Uchiyama reports grants and personal fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Takeda, AstraZeneca, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, MitsubishiTanabe Pharma, Shionogi, Amgen Astellas, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Japan Cardiovascular Research Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Endres reports grants and nonfinancial support from Bayer during the conduct of the study; grants and other support from Bayer outside the submitted work; and other support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, Sanofi, Covidien, GlaxoSmithKline, EVER Pharma, and Novartis outside the submitted work. Dr Karlinski reports personal fees and nonfinancial support from Boehringer Ingelheim and EVER Pharma and personal fees from Medtronic outside the submitted work. Dr Czlonkowska reports other support from Population Health Research Institute of McMaster University in Canada and personal fees from Bayer during the conduct of the study. Dr Berkowitz reports personal fees from Bayer during the conduct of the study and outside the submitted work. Dr Hart reports personal fees from Bayer AG during the conduct of the study. Dr Connolly reports grants and personal fees from Bayer during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Portola Pharmaceuticals, and Medtronic outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by Bayer AG and Janssen Research LLC. Dr Gladstone’s research is supported by a midcareer award from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada; Eaton Scholar Award from the Department of Medicine at the University of Toronto; the Bastable-Potts Chair; the Tory family; and the Department of Medicine at Sunnybrook Research Institute.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
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