Corresponding Authors: Zhilei Shan, MD, PhD, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (zshan@hsph.harvard.edu); Fang Fang Zhang, MD, PhD, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 (fang_fang.zhang@tufts.edu).
Accepted for Publication: August 12, 2019.
Author Contributions: Drs Zhang and Bhupathiraju had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Zhang and Bhupathiraju contributed equally.
Concept and design: Shan, Rehm, Hu, Mozaffarian, Zhang, Bhupathiraju.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Shan, Rehm, Rogers, Ruan, Wang, Hu, Zhang, Bhupathiraju.
Drafting of the manuscript: Shan, Rehm, Rogers.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Rehm, Ruan, Wang, Hu, Mozaffarian, Zhang, Bhupathiraju.
Statistical analysis: Shan, Rehm, Rogers, Ruan, Wang.
Obtained funding: Hu, Zhang.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Hu, Zhang.
Supervision: Hu, Mozaffarian, Zhang, Bhupathiraju.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Rehm reported receipt of personal fees from Nestec Ltd and the Dairy Management Institute. Dr Hu reported receipt of grants from the California Walnut Commission and personal fees from Metagenics, Standard Process, and Diet Quality Photo Navigation. Dr Mozaffarian reported receipt of grants from the Gates Foundation; receipt of personal fees from GOED, Nutrition Impact, Pollock Communications, Bunge, Indigo Agriculture, Amarin, Acasti Pharma, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, America’s Test Kitchen, and Danone; scientific advisory board membership from Elysium Health (with stock options), Omada Health, and DayTwo; and receipt of publication royalties from UpToDate; in addition, Dr Mozaffarian reported holding patents US8889739 and US9987243 listing Dr Mozaffarian as a coinventor for use of transpalmitoleic acid to prevent and treat insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and related conditions as well as reduce metabolic risk factors. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This work is supported by National Institutes of Health grant R01 MD011501 to Drs Shan, Rehm, and Zhang; National Institutes of Health grant K01 DK107804 to Dr Bhupathiraju; and the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant 81703214 to Dr Shan.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The study funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
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