Corresponding Author: Peter C. Minneci, MD, MHSc, Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Dr, FB 3A.3, Columbus, OH 43205 (peter.minneci@nationwidechildrens.org).
Accepted for Publication: June 3, 2020.
Published Online: July 27, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10888
Author Contributions: Dr Minneci had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Minneci, Hade, Saito, Gadepalli, Kohler, Sato, Lal, Kabre, Fallat, Cooper, Deans.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Minneci, Hade, Lawrence, Sebastião, Saito, Mak, Hirschl, Gadepalli, Helmrath, Kohler, Leys, Sato, Lal, Landman, Kabre, Fallat, Cooper.
Drafting of the manuscript: Minneci, Hade, Lal, Deans.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Minneci, Hade, Lawrence, Sebastião, Saito, Mak, Hirschl, Gadepalli, Helmrath, Kohler, Leys, Sato, Lal, Landman, Kabre, Fallat, Cooper, Deans.
Statistical analysis: Hade, Sebastião, Gadepalli, Cooper.
Obtained funding: Minneci, Deans.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Minneci, Hade, Lawrence, Sebastião, Hirschl, Gadepalli, Helmrath, Kohler, Sato, Lal, Kabre.
Supervision: Minneci, Hade, Hirschl, Helmrath, Sato, Lal, Landman, Kabre, Cooper, Deans.
Other - site principal investigator: Saito.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Minneci reported grants from PCORI during the conduct of the study. Dr Hade reported grants from PCORI during the conduct of the study; grants from NIH, grants from Smart Columbus, and grants from PCORI/PCORnet outside the submitted work. Dr Saito reported grants from PCORI during the conduct of the study; grants from AHRQ outside the submitted work. Dr Mak reported grants from PCORI during the conduct of the study; grants from Thrasher outside the submitted work. Dr Gadepalli reported grants from PCORI during the conduct of the study. Dr Sato reported grants from PCORI during the conduct of the study. Dr Cooper reported grants from PCORI during the conduct of the study. Dr Deans reported grants from PCORI during the conduct of the study. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This study is funded by award CER-1507-31325 from PCORI, an independent, nonprofit organization authorized by the US Congress in 2010. This project is also supported by grant UL1TR001070 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: Funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Group Information: Gail Besner, MD, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; Jessica Kandel, MD, University of Chicago Medicine–Comer Children’s Hospital; Frederick Rescorla, MD, Riley Children’s Hospital; Marleta Reynolds, MD; Ann & Robert Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago; Daniel von Allmen, MD, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center; and Brad Warner, MD, St Louis Children’s Hospital; Cynthia Downard, MD, University of Louisville School of Medicine; Beth Rymeski, MD, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center; Julia Grabowksi, MD, Ann & Robert Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago; Peter C. Minneci, MD, MHSc, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Jacqueline M. Saito, MD, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; Grace Z. Mak, MD, University of Chicago; Ronald B. Hirschl, MD, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Samir Gadepalli, MD, MBA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Michael A. Helmrath, MD, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Jonathan E. Kohler, MD, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Charles M. Leys, MD, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Thomas T. Sato, MD, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Dave R. Lal, MD, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Matthew P. Landman, MD, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Rashmi Kabre, MD, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; Mary E. Fallat, MD, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Katherine J. Deans, MD, MHSc, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus. None were compensated for their role in the study.
Disclaimer: The content of this work is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of PCORI, its Board of Governors or Methodology Committee, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences or the National Institutes of Health.
Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 3.
Additional Contributions: We thank our multidisciplinary stakeholder members for all of their input and dedication to this study: Patient or caregivers: Alyssa Gilman, Amanda Forystek, Endia McHenry, Sonya Sigers, Kaleb Boyd, Liz Sullivan, Maxwell Blom, Melissa R. Blom, Lorelei Moulin, Darcy Moulin, Nicholas Hawke, Kimberly Hawke, William Hawke, Nicolas Valdes, Lisa Valdes, Maurilio Valdes, Nolan Chehak, LuAnne Farr, Joshua Montalvo, Illuminado Castellano, Rheya Wheeler, Cherie Caldwell, Robert Rohloff, Samantha Schlaeppi, Tanner Goodman, Lisa Shrader, William Blake Godwin, Diana Godwin, Trinity Patten, Rebeccah Abanukam, Aubrey K. Gibson, Aria K. Gibson, Jason Gibson, Christy L. McDonald, and Bobby J. McDonald Jr; Nationwide Children’s Hospital: R. Lawrence Moss, MD, Courtney Porter, RN, Kathryn Nuss, MD, Paul Seese, RN; Sean Gleeson, MD, MBA; University of Chicago Medicine: Alisa McQueen, MD; University of Louisville School of Medicine: Stephan Baum, MD; Ann & Robert Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago: Dana Aronson Schinasi, MD; Washington University: Gian Musarra, MD, Medical College of Wisconsin: Michael Levas, MD; and Darryl Robbins, DO, community physician, all of whom received a stipend for their participation. We also thank the following staff members on this project: Beth Fischer, PhD, and Karen Leonhart, BS, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; Jana Creps, University of Michigan–C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital; Michelle Knezevich, MS, Children’s Hospital of Milwaukee, who received no remuneration beyond their salaries.
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