Accepted for Publication: August 6, 2020.
Published: October 2, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.21476
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2020 Alexander GC et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: G. Caleb Alexander, MD, MS, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, W6035, Baltimore, MD 21205 (galexan9@jhmi.edu).
Author Contributions: Dr Alexander had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Alexander, Heyward, Mansour, Stafford.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: Alexander, Tajanlangit, Heyward, Stafford.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Alexander, Heyward, Mansour, Qato, Stafford.
Statistical analysis: Tajanlangit, Mansour, Stafford.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Alexander, Heyward.
Supervision: Alexander, Heyward, Stafford.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Alexander reported serving as past chair of the US Food and Drug Administration’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee; serving as a paid advisor to IQVIA; that he is a cofounding principal and equity holder in Monument Analytics, a health care consultancy whose clients include the life sciences industry as well as plaintiffs in opioid litigation; and that he is a member of OptumRx’s National P&T Committee. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. Dr Stafford reported serving as an unpaid advisor to IQVIA and receiving personal fees from the states of California, Washington, and Alaska outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Disclaimer: The statements, findings, conclusions, views, and opinions contained and expressed in this article are based in part on data obtained under license from the following IQVIA Incorporated information services: IQVIA National Disease and Therapeutic Index (2018-2020), IQVIA Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. The statements, findings, conclusions, views, and opinions contained and expressed herein are not necessarily those of IQVIA Incorporated or any of its affiliated or subsidiary entities.