Corresponding Author: Francis Couturaud, MD, PhD, Département de Médecine Interne et Pneumologie, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU de Brest, 29609 Brest cedex, France (francis.couturaud@chu-brest.fr).
Accepted for Publication: November 11, 2020.
Author Contributions: Dr Couturaud had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Couturaud, Bertoletti, Hoffmann, Mismetti.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Couturaud, Bertoletti, Pastre, Roy, Le Mao, Gagnadoux, Paleiron, Schmidt, Sanchez, De Magalhaes, Kamara, Bressollette, Nonent, Tromeur, Salaun, Barillot, Gatineau, Mismetti, Girard, Lacut, Lemarié, Meyer, Leroyer.
Drafting of the manuscript: Couturaud, Bertoletti, Sanchez, Gatineau, Mismetti, Girard, Meyer, Leroyer.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Couturaud, Bertoletti, Pastre, Roy, Le Mao, Gagnadoux, Paleiron, Schmidt, Sanchez, De Magalhaes, Kamara, Hoffmann, Bressollette, Nonent, Tromeur, Salaun, Barillot, Mismetti, Girard, Lacut, Lemarié, Meyer.
Statistical analysis: Gatineau.
Obtained funding: Couturaud.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Couturaud, Bertoletti, Schmidt, Bressollette, Barillot, Girard, Lacut, Meyer, Leroyer.
Supervision: Couturaud, Bertoletti, Paleiron, Meyer.
Other: Nonent, Tromeur.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Couturaud reported having received grant support from Bristol-Myers Squibb–Pfizer; fees for board memberships or symposia from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb–Pfizer, and AstraZeneca; and travel support from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb–Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Leo Pharma, InterMune, and Actelion. Dr Bertoletti reported receiving grant support from Bayer and fees for board memberships or symposia from Actelion, Aspen, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb–Pfizer, and Merck Sharp and Dohme; and travel support from Aspen, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb–Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Leo Pharma, Merck Sharp and Dohme, and Actelion. Dr Sanchez reported receiving grant support from Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, and Portola Pharmaceuticals and fees or nonfinancial support for consultancy activities from Actelion, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Chiesi. Dr Mismetti reported receiving grants from Bayer; fees for board memberships from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb–Pfizer, and Daiichi Sankyo; lecture fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb–Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, and Sanofi; and fees for development of educational presentations from Bayer and Bristol-Myers Squibb–Pfizer. Dr Girard reported receiving personal fees and nonfinancial support from Bayer and Leo Pharma. Dr Lacut reported receiving personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Meyer reported receiving grant support from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Leo Pharma, and Sanofi, being an uncompensated board member and a consultant for Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Leo Pharma, and Pfizer, and receiving travel support from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Leo Pharma, and Sanofi. Dr Leroyer reported receiving grant support from Pfizer, fees for board memberships or symposia from Bayer and AstraZeneca, travel support from Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Leo Pharma, InterMune, and Actelion. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: The study was supported by grants from the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (French Department of Health), and the sponsor was the University Hospital of Brest.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: Neither sponsor had a role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. An academic steering committee assumed overall responsibility for all these steps.
Members of the PEP Study Group (all in France): Steering Committee: Francis Couturaud, MD (chair), and Christophe Leroyer, MD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, Brest; Olivier Sanchez, MD, and Guy Meyer, MD, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris; and Laurent Bertoletti, MD, and Patrick Mismetti, MD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne. Coordinating Committee: Francis Couturaud, MD (chair), Sophie Barillot, MS, Elise Poulhazan, MS, and Anne Le Brestec, MS, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, Brest. Independent Central Adjudication Committee (Critical Events): Philippe Girard, MD (chair), Stéphane Lenoir, MD, and Christian Lamer, MD, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris; Statistical Analysis: Florence Gatineau, MS, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, Brest; Operation Team: Dauphou Eddy, MS, and Florence Morvan, MS, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, Brest; Computerised Tomographic Scan Panel: Michel Nonent, MD, Pierre-Yves Le Floch, MD, and Fabien Podeur, MD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, Brest; Lung Scintigraphy Panel: Pierre-Yves Salaun, MD, Philippe Robin, MD, and Pierre-Yves Le Roux, MD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, Brest; and Ultrasound Panel: Luc Bressollette, MD, and Clément Hoffmann, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, Brest; Investigators (in order of the number of patients enrolled): Francis Couturaud, MD, Christophe Leroyer, MD, Cécile Tromeur, MD, Romain Didier, MD, Karine Lacut, MD, Emmanuelle Lemoigne, MD, Raphael Le Mao, MD, Charles Orione, MD, Alexandre Fauché, MD, Christophe Gut-Gobert, MD, Claire De Moreuil, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, Brest (365); Olivier Sanchez, MD, Guy Meyer, MD, Benjamin Planquette, MD, and Jean Pastre, MD, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris (99); Pierre-Marie Roy, MD, and Frédéric Gagnadoux, MD, Centre Hopitalo-Universitaire d’Angers, Angers (84); Nicolas Paleiron, MD, Hôpital d’instruction militaire Clermont Tonnerre and Clermont Tonnerre, Hôpital d’instruction militaire, Brest (79); Patrick Mismetti, MD, Sandrine Accassat, MD, Laurent Bertoletti, MD, Elodie De Magalhaes, MD, Alain Viallon, MD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne (76); Mariam Kamara, MD, Centre Hospitalier Général de Quimper, Quimper (32); and Jeannot Schmidt, MD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (15). No member of the PEP Study Group received compensation for his/her role in the study.
Meeting Presentations: The results of this study were presented in the late-breaking abstract session at the 29th European Respiratory Society Annual Meeting; October 1, 2019; Madrid, Spain.
Additional Information: Dedicated to Guy Meyer.
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