Accepted for Publication: November 16, 2020.
Published: January 8, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32696
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2021 Mody A et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Aaloke Mody, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 4523 Clayton Ave, Campus Box 8051, St Louis, MO 63110 (aaloke.mody@wustl.edu).
Author Contributions: Drs Mody and Geng had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Mody, Geng.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Mody, Pfeifauf.
Drafting of the manuscript: All authors.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Mody, Pfeifauf.
Statistical analysis: Mody.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Mody.
Supervision: Geng.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This project has been funded in part by the State of Missouri under a contract awarded to Washington University. This work was also supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (grant KL2 TR002346 to Dr Mody) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grant K24 AI134413 to Dr Geng).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The contents do not necessarily reflect the reviews and policies of the State of Missouri, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement of recommendation for use.
Additional Contributions: We thank the Institute for Informatics (I2) at Washington University in St Louis for assistance with data extraction from the electronic health records.
Additional Information: Testing data were collected and managed by the State of Missouri, and deidentified data were shared with authors via a data use agreement.