Follow-up Survey of US Adult Reports of Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic, September 2020

Accepted for Publication: December 27, 2020.

Published: February 19, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37665

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2021 Czeisler MÉ et al. JAMA Network Open.

Corresponding Author: Mark É. Czeisler, AB, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton Campus, Level 5, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia (mark.czeisler@fulbrightmail.org).

Author Contributions: Mr Czeisler had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: M. É. Czeisler, Lane, C. A. Czeisler, Howard, Rajaratnam.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: M. É. Czeisler, Wiley, C. A. Czeisler, Howard, Rajaratnam.

Drafting of the manuscript: M. É. Czeisler, Lane.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: M. É. Czeisler, Wiley.

Obtained funding: M. É. Czeisler, Lane, C. A. Czeisler, Howard, Rajaratnam.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Lane, C. A. Czeisler, Rajaratnam.

Supervision: Howard, Rajaratnam.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Mr Czeisler reported receiving grants from the Australian-American Fulbright Commission administered through a 2020 Fulbright Future Scholarship funded by The Kinghorn Foundation during the conduct of the study and receiving personal fees from Vanda Pharmaceuticals outside the submitted work. Dr Czeisler reported receiving grants to support The COVID-19 Outbreak Public Evaluation (COPE) Initiative and grants from Brigham and Women's Physician's Organization during the conduct of the study; being a paid consultant to or speaker for Ganésco, Institute of Digital Media and Child Development, Klarman Family Foundation, M. Davis and Co, Physician's Seal, Samsung Group, State of Washington Board of Pilotage Commissioners, Tencent Holdings, Teva Pharma Australia, and Vanda Pharmaceuticals, in which Dr. Czeisler holds an equity interest; receiving travel support from Aspen Brain Institute, Bloomage International Investment Group, UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Bouley Botanical, Dr Stanley Ho Medical Development Foundation, Illuminating Engineering Society, National Safety Council, Tencent Holdings, and The Wonderful Co; receiving institutional research and/or education support from Cephalon, Mary Ann and Stanley Snider via Combined Jewish Philanthropies, Harmony Biosciences, Jazz Pharmaceuticals PLC, Johnson and Johnson, Neurocare, Peter Brown and Margaret Hamburg, Philips Respironics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Regional Home Care, Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries, Sanofi S.A., Optum, ResMed, San Francisco Bar Pilots, Schneider National, Serta, Simmons Betting, Sysco, Vanda Pharmaceuticals; being or having been an expert witness in legal cases, including those involving Advanced Power Technologies; Aegis Chemical Solutions; Amtrak; Casper Sleep; C and J Energy Services; Complete General Construction; Dallas Police Association; Enterprise Rent-A-Car; Steel Warehouse Co; FedEx; Greyhound Lines; Palomar Health District; PAR Electrical, Product, and Logistics Services; Puckett Emergency Medical Services; South Carolina Central Railroad Co; Union Pacific Railroad; UPS; and Vanda Pharmaceuticals; serving as the incumbent of an endowed professorship provided to Harvard University by Cephalon; and receiving royalties from McGraw Hill and Philips Respironics for the Actiwatch-2 and Actiwatch Spectrum devices. Dr Czeisler's interests were reviewed and are managed by the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict of interest policies. Dr Rajaratnam reported receiving institutional consulting fees from CRC for Alertness, Safety, and Productivity; Teva Pharmaceuticals; Vanda Pharmaceuticals; Circadian Therapeutics; BHP Billiton; and Herbert Smith Freehills; receiving grants from Teva Pharmaceuticals and Vanda Pharmaceuticals; and serving as chair for the Sleep Health Foundation outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: Funding for survey data collection was supported in part by research grants from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, with funding from BNY Mellon and from WHOOP, to Monash University acting through its Faculty of Medicine, Nursingy, and Health Sciences, and by institutional support from Philips Respironics and Alexandra Dane to Brigham and Women’s Hospital, the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, and Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Hospital.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Additional Contributions: We gratefully acknowledge all survey respondents, as well as Laura K. Barger, PhD (Brigham and Women’s Hospital), Rebecca Robbins, PhD (Brigham and Women’s Hospital), and Elise R. Facer-Childs, PhD (Monash University) for their contributions to the survey instrument and study design, and Matthew D. Weaver, PhD (Brigham and Women’s Hospital) for his analytic advice. None of these individuals received compensation for their help. We also thank Mallory Colys, BSc (Qualtrics); Sneha Baste, BIndDes (Hons), (Qualtrics); Daniel Chong, BSc (Qualtrics); and Rebecca Toll, BMedSc, (Qualtrics), who were compensated as Qualtrics employees, for support in survey data collection.