Corresponding Author: Benjamin W. Chaffee, DDS, MPH, PhD, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St, Ste 495, San Francisco, CA 94118 (benjamin.chaffee@ucsf.edu).
Accepted for Publication: February 3, 2021.
Published Online: May 3, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0541
Author Contributions: Dr Chaffee had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Chaffee, Couch, Hoeft, Halpern-Felsher.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Chaffee, Cheng, Hoeft.
Drafting of the manuscript: Chaffee, Halpern-Felsher.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.
Statistical analysis: Chaffee, Cheng.
Obtained funding: Chaffee, Halpern-Felsher.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Couch, Halpern-Felsher.
Supervision: Chaffee.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Chaffee reports personal fees from Westat for consulting related to design and data analysis of studies of tobacco and oral health. Dr Halpern-Felsher reports personal fees from e-cigarette litigation outside the submitted work and is an unpaid scientific advisor and expert witness regarding some tobacco-related policies. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: Support was from the National Institutes of Health (grant U54 HL147127).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funder.
Additional Contributions: We thank Manali V. Vora, BDS, MPH, Divya Persai, BDS, MPH, and Claudia Guerra, MSW, of the University of California, San Francisco, for contributing to data collection. We also thank Janelle Urata, RDH, MS, and Miranda Werts, BA, of the University of California, San Francisco, and David Cash, BA, of Stanford University for contributing to data collection and project management. These individuals made their contributions as part of their roles as paid employees of their institutions at the time of the study.