[Skip to Content]
[Skip to Content Landing]

Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection vs Sham Injection on Tendon Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Midportion Achilles TendinopathyA Randomized Clinical Trial

Educational Objective
To learn about treatments for Achilles tendinopathy.
1 Credit CME
Key Points

Question  In adults with painful midportion Achilles tendinopathy lasting longer than 3 months, does a single injection of platelet-rich plasma result in better function when compared with a sham injection 6 months after treatment?

Findings  This randomized clinical trial included 240 participants with pain at the midportion of the Achilles tendon. Treatment with a single injection of intratendinous platelet-rich plasma vs a subcutaneous dry needle resulted in a mean Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles score at 6 months of 54.4 vs 53.4 (range, 0 [worst symptoms] to 100 [no symptoms]); this difference was not statistically significant.

Meaning  A single injection of platelet-rich plasma compared with a sham injection did not significantly reduce Achilles tendon dysfunction.

Abstract

Importance  Platelet-rich plasma injections are used as a treatment for chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy, but evidence for this treatment is limited.

Objective  In adults with midportion Achilles tendinopathy, to assess the effects of a single platelet-rich plasma injection, compared with sham injection, on the outcome of the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) score (a single composite measure of Achilles tendinopathy severity).

Design, Setting, and Participants  A participant-blinded, multicenter randomized clinical trial that included 240 people from 24 sites assigned to either a platelet-rich plasma injection or a sham injection between April 2016 and February 2020. Final follow-up was July 2020. Participants were older than 18 years with midportion Achilles tendon pain for more than 3 months as confirmed by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, or both.

Interventions  A single intratendinous platelet-rich plasma injection (n = 121) or a single sham injection (insertion of a subcutaneous dry needle not entering the tendon) (n = 119).

Main Outcomes and Measures  The primary outcome was the VISA-A score, measured 6 months after treatment allocation. The VISA-A score contains 8 questions that cover 3 domains of pain, function, and activity, analyzed as a composite score (range, 0 [worst symptoms] to 100 [no symptoms]; minimal clinically important difference in score, 12 points). The primary analysis was adjusted for laterality, age, sex, and baseline VISA-A score.

Results  Among 240 patients assigned to a platelet-rich plasma or sham injection (mean age, 52 years; 138 [58%] women), 221 (92%) completed the trial. At 6-month follow-up, mean VISA-A score values in the plasma-rich plasma group vs the sham injection group were 54.4 vs 53.4 (adjusted mean difference, −2.7 [95% CI, −8.8 to 3.3]). The most common adverse events compared between patients in the platelet-rich plasma group vs the sham group were injection site discomfort (97 vs 73 patients), swelling (56 vs 52 patients) and bruising (48 vs 49 patients).

Conclusions and Relevance  Among patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy, treatment with a single injection of intratendinous platelet-rich plasma, compared with insertion of a subcutaneous dry needle, did not reduce Achilles tendon dysfunction at 6 months. These findings do not support the use of this treatment for chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy.

Trial Registration  isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN13254422

Sign in to take quiz and track your certificates

Buy This Activity

JN Learning™ is the home for CME and MOC from the JAMA Network. Search by specialty or US state and earn AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™ from articles, audio, Clinical Challenges and more. Learn more about CME/MOC

CME Disclosure Statement: Unless noted, all individuals in control of content reported no relevant financial relationships. If applicable, all relevant financial relationships have been mitigated.

Article Information

Corresponding Author: Rebecca S. Kearney, PhD, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (r.s.kearney@warwick.ac.uk).

Accepted for Publication: April 19, 2021.

Author Contributions: Dr Kearney had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Kearney, Warwick, Parsons, Brown, Harrison, Young, Costa.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Kearney, Ji, Warwick, Parsons, Harrison, Costa.

Drafting of the manuscript: Kearney, Warwick, Parsons, Harrison, Young.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Kearney, Ji, Warwick, Parsons, Brown, Costa.

Statistical analysis: Ji, Warwick, Parsons.

Obtained funding: Kearney, Parsons, Young, Costa.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Kearney, Parsons, Brown, Harrison, Costa.

Supervision: Kearney, Warwick.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Kearney reported grants from Versus Arthritis during the conduct of the study and research grant funding from her institution (University of Warwick, which receives research funding from the UK National Institute for Health Research [NIHR], the National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC], Versus Arthritis, and orthopedic industry) outside the submitted work; and being coinvestigator on an NIHR-funded study receiving additional support from Stryker. Dr Ji reported grants from Versus Arthritis during the conduct of the study. Dr Warwick reported receiving grants from NIHR. Dr Parsons reported grants from Versus Arthritis during the conduct of the study. Dr Harrison reported funding by NIHR, Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), and support from the Centre for Conflict Wound Research (which is funded by the Scar Free Foundation through a grant from the chancellor using London Interbank Offered Rate [LIBOR] funds. Dr Costa reported grants from his institution (University of Oxford, which receives research grant funding from the UK NIHR, the European Union, NHMRC, Versus Arthritis, Heraeus Medical GmbH, and SOTA Orthopaedics) outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This trial was funded by Versus Arthritis commencing on September 1, 2015 (Versus Arthritis 20831).

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: Versus Arthritis and the University of Warwick had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Versus Arthritis.

Group Information: The ATM Trial Collaborators appear in Supplement 4.

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 5.

Additional Contributions: We would like to thank all the patients and the research support at each recruitment centre that made the trial a success. The research team would also like to acknowledge Karen Keates, the patient and public involvement representative; Philip Moss (University of Warwick), data collection; Martin Underwood, MD (University of Warwick), interim maternity cover chief investigator; and the trial steering committee and data monitoring and ethics committee for their contribution throughout the feasibility and main trial. These roles were supported through the Versus Arthritis research grant.

References
1.
de Jonge  S , van den Berg  C , de Vos  RJ ,  et al.  Incidence of midportion Achilles tendinopathy in the general population.   Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(13):1026-1028. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090342PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
2.
Yasui  Y , Tonogai  I , Rosenbaum  AJ , Shimozono  Y , Kawano  H , Kennedy  JG .  The risk of Achilles tendon rupture in the patients with Achilles tendinopathy: healthcare database analysis in the United States.   Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7021862. doi:10.1155/2017/7021862PubMedGoogle Scholar
3.
Riel  H , Lindstrøm  CF , Rathleff  MS , Jensen  MB , Olesen  JL .  Prevalence and incidence rate of lower-extremity tendinopathies in a Danish general practice: a registry-based study.   BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):239. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2629-6PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
4.
Kearney  RS , Parsons  N , Costa  ML .  Achilles tendinopathy management: a pilot randomised controlled trial comparing platelet-richplasma injection with an eccentric loading programme.   Bone Joint Res. 2013;2(10):227-232. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.210.2000200PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
5.
Kearney  RS , Parsons  N , Metcalfe  D , Costa  ML .  Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy.   Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;5(5):CD010960.PubMedGoogle Scholar
6.
Engebretsen  L , Steffen  K , Alsousou  J ,  et al.  IOC consensus paper on the use of platelet-rich plasma in sports medicine.   Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(15):1072-1081. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.079822PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
7.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.  Autologous blood injection for tendinopathy interventional procedures guidance (IPG438). Published January 23, 2013. Accessed June, 17, 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg438
8.
Madhi  MI , Yausep  OE , Khamdan  K , Trigkilidas  D .  The use of PRP in treatment of Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review of literature.   Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2020;55:320-326. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.04.042PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
9.
Liu  CJ , Yu  KL , Bai  JB , Tian  DH , Liu  GL .  Platelet-rich plasma injection for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a meta-analysis.   Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(16):e15278. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000015278PubMedGoogle Scholar
10.
Moraes  VY , Lenza  M , Tamaoki  MJ , Faloppa  F , Belloti  JC .  Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries.   Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD010071. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010071.pub2PubMedGoogle Scholar
11.
Alsousou  J , Keene  DJ , Hulley  PA ,  et al.  Platelet rich Plasma in Achilles Tendon Healing 2 (PATH-2) trial: protocol for a multicentre, participant and assessor-blinded, parallel-group randomised clinical trial comparing platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection versus placebo injection for Achilles tendon rupture.   BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e018135. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018135PubMedGoogle Scholar
12.
Kearney  RS , Parsons  N , Ji  C ,  et al.  Platelet rich plasma versus placebo for the management of Achilles tendinopathy: protocol for the UK study of Achilles tendinopathy management (ATM) multi-centre randomised trial.   BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e034076.PubMedGoogle Scholar
13.
Altman  DG , Bland  JM .  Treatment allocation by minimisation.   BMJ. 2005;330(7495):843. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7495.843PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
14.
Pocock  SJ , Simon  R .  Sequential treatment assignment with balancing for prognostic factors in the controlled clinical trial.   Biometrics. 1975;31(1):103-115. doi:10.2307/2529712PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
15.
Robinson  JM , Cook  JL , Purdam  C ,  et al; Victorian Institute Of Sport Tendon Study Group.  The VISA-A questionnaire: a valid and reliable index of the clinical severity of Achilles tendinopathy.   Br J Sports Med. 2001;35(5):335-341. doi:10.1136/bjsm.35.5.335PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
16.
Brooks  R .  EuroQol: the current state of play.   Health Policy. 1996;37(1):53-72. doi:10.1016/0168-8510(96)00822-6PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
17.
Hawker  GA , Mian  S , Kendzerska  T , French  M .  Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP).   Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(11)(suppl 11):S240-S252. doi:10.1002/acr.20543PubMedGoogle Scholar
18.
Ostelo  RW , Deyo  RA , Stratford  P ,  et al.  Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change.   Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(1):90-94. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
19.
de Vos  RJ , Weir  A , van Schie  HT ,  et al.  Platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial.   JAMA. 2010;303(2):144-149. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1986PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
20.
Boesen  AP , Hansen  R , Boesen  MI , Malliaras  P , Langberg  H .  Effect of high-volume injection, platelet-rich plasma, and sham treatment in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized double-blinded prospective study.   Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(9):2034-2043. doi:10.1177/0363546517702862PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
21.
Albano  D , Messina  C , Usuelli  FG ,  et al.  Magnetic resonance and ultrasound in achilles tendinopathy: predictive role and response assessment to platelet-rich plasma and adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction injection.   Eur J Radiol. 2017;95:130-135. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.08.006PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
22.
Krogh  TP , Ellingsen  T , Christensen  R , Jensen  P , Fredberg  U .  Ultrasound-guided injection therapy of Achilles tendinopathy with platelet-rich plasma or saline: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial.   Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(8):1990-1997. doi:10.1177/0363546516647958PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
23.
Kaux  JF , Drion  P , Croisier  JL , Crielaard  JM .  Tendinopathies and platelet-rich plasma (PRP): from pre-clinical experiments to therapeutic use.   J Stem Cells Regen Med. 2015;11(1):7-17. doi:10.46582/jsrm.1101003PubMedGoogle Scholar
24.
Vilchez-Cavazos  F , Millán-Alanís  JM , Blázquez-Saldaña  J ,  et al.  Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of single versus multiple injections of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.   Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(12):2325967119887116. doi:10.1177/2325967119887116PubMedGoogle Scholar
AMA CME Accreditation Information

Credit Designation Statement: The American Medical Association designates this Journal-based CME activity activity for a maximum of 1.00  AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Successful completion of this CME activity, which includes participation in the evaluation component, enables the participant to earn up to:

  • 1.00 Medical Knowledge MOC points in the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program;;
  • 1.00 Self-Assessment points in the American Board of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery’s (ABOHNS) Continuing Certification program;
  • 1.00 MOC points in the American Board of Pediatrics’ (ABP) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program;
  • 1.00 Lifelong Learning points in the American Board of Pathology’s (ABPath) Continuing Certification program; and
  • 1.00 CME points in the American Board of Surgery’s (ABS) Continuing Certification program

It is the CME activity provider's responsibility to submit participant completion information to ACCME for the purpose of granting MOC credit.

Close
Want full access to the AMA Ed Hub?
After you sign up for AMA Membership, make sure you sign in or create a Physician account with the AMA in order to access all learning activities on the AMA Ed Hub
Buy this activity
Close
Want full access to the AMA Ed Hub?
After you sign up for AMA Membership, make sure you sign in or create a Physician account with the AMA in order to access all learning activities on the AMA Ed Hub
Buy this activity
Close
With a personal account, you can:
  • Access free activities and track your credits
  • Personalize content alerts
  • Customize your interests
  • Fully personalize your learning experience
Education Center Collection Sign In Modal Right
Close

Name Your Search

Save Search
With a personal account, you can:
  • Access free activities and track your credits
  • Personalize content alerts
  • Customize your interests
  • Fully personalize your learning experience
Close
Close

Lookup An Activity

or

My Saved Searches

You currently have no searches saved.

Close

My Saved Courses

You currently have no courses saved.

Close