Accepted for Publication: March 3, 2021.
Published Online: July 19, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2120
Corresponding Author: Geoffrey T. Manley, MD, PhD, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110 (manleyg@ucsf.edu); and Esther L. Yuh, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Bldg B, Lobby 6, Ste 350, San Francisco, CA 94107 (esther.yuh@ucsf.edu).
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2021 Yuh EL et al. JAMA Neurology.
TRACK-TBI Investigators authors: Opeolu Adeoye, MD; Neeraj Badjatia, MD; Kim Boase, BA; Yelena Bodien, PhD; John D. Corrigan, PhD, ABPP; Karen Crawford; Sureyya Dikmen, PhD; Ann-Christine Duhaime, MD; Richard Ellenbogen, MD; V. Ramana Feeser, MD; Adam R. Ferguson, PhD; Brandon Foreman, MD; Raquel Gardner; Etienne Gaudette, PhD; Luis Gonzalez; Shankar Gopinath, MD; Rao Gullapalli, PhD; J. Claude Hemphill, MD; Gillian Hotz, PhD; C. Dirk Keene, MD, PhD; Joel Kramer, PsyD; Natalie Kreitzer, MD; Chris Lindsell, PhD; Joan Machamer, MA; Christopher Madden, MD; Alastair Martin, PhD; Thomas McAllister, MD; Randall Merchant, PhD; Lindsay Nelson, PhD; Laura B. Ngwenya, MD, PhD; Florence Noel, PhD; Amber Nolan, MD, PhD; Eva Palacios, PhD; Daniel Perl, MD; Miri Rabinowitz, PhD; Jonathan Rosand, MD, MSc; Angelle Sander, PhD; Gabriella Satris; David Schnyer, PhD; Seth Seabury, PhD; Arthur Toga, PhD; Alex Valadka, MD; Mary Vassar, RN, MS; Ross Zafonte, DO.
Affiliations of TRACK-TBI Investigators authors: University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio (Adeoye, Foreman, Kreitzer, Ngwenya); University of Maryland, College Park (Badjatia, Gullapalli); University of Washington, Seattle (Boase, Dikmen, Ellenbogen, Keene, Machamer); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Bodien); Ohio State University, Dublin (Corrigan); University of Southern California, Los Angeles (Crawford, Gaudette, Seabury, Toga); Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston (Duhaime); Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Feeser, Merchant, Valadka); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (Ferguson, Gardner, Hemphill, Kramer, Martin, Nolan, Palacios, Satris, Vassar); TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, Texas (Gonzalez); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (Gopinath, Noel, Sander); University of Miami, Miami, Florida (Hotz); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (Lindsell); UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (Madden); Indiana University, Bloomington (McAllister); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Nelson); Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (Perl); University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Rabinowitz); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rosand); University of Texas at Austin, Austin (Schnyer); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Zafonte).
Author Contributions: Dr Manley had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Yuh, Mukherjee, McCrea, Temkin, Diaz-Arrastia, Okonkwo, Manley, Adeoye, Corrigan, Kramer, Perl, Dikmen.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Yuh, Jain, Sun, Pisică, Harris, Taylor, Markowitz, Mukherjee, Verheyden, Giacino, Levin, McCrea, Stein, Temkin, Diaz-Arrastia, Robertson, Lingsma, Okonkwo, Maas, Manley, Adeoye, Badjatia, Boase, Bodien, Crawford, Duhaime, Ellenbogen, Feeser, Ferguson, Foreman, Gardner, Gaudette, Gonzalez, Gopinath, Gullapalli, Hemphill, Hotz, Keene, Kreitzer, Lindsell, Machamer, Madden, Martin, McAllister, Merchant, Nelson, Ngwenya, Noel, Nolan, Palacios, Rabinowitz, Rosand, Sander, Satris, Schnyer, Seabury, Toga, Valadka, Vassar, Zafonte.
Drafting of the manuscript: Yuh, Jain, Harris, Verheyden, Okonkwo, Noel, Rabinowitz, Vassar.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Jain, Sun, Pisică, Harris, Taylor, Markowitz, Mukherjee, Giacino, Levin, McCrea, Stein, Temkin, Diaz-Arrastia, Robertson, Lingsma, Okonkwo, Maas, Manley, Adeoye, Badjatia, Boase, Bodien, Corrigan, Crawford, Duhaime, Ellenbogen, Feeser, Ferguson, Foreman, Gardner, Gaudette, Gonzalez, Gopinath, Gullapalli, Hemphill, Hotz, Keene, Kramer, Kreitzer, Lindsell, Machamer, Madden, Martin, McAllister, Merchant, Nelson, Ngwenya, Nolan, Palacios, Perl, Rosand, Sander, Satris, Schnyer, Seabury, Toga, Valadka, Zafonte, Dikmen.
Statistical analysis: Yuh, Jain, Sun, Pisică, Harris, Okonkwo, Ferguson.
Obtained funding: Mukherjee, Temkin, Diaz-Arrastia, Okonkwo, Manley, Adeoye, Corrigan, Toga.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Harris, Taylor, Markowitz, Mukherjee, Verheyden, McCrea, Diaz-Arrastia, Robertson, Okonkwo, Manley, Adeoye, Bodien, Duhaime, Ellenbogen, Ferguson, Gonzalez, Gopinath, Gullapalli, Lindsell, Martin, Merchant, Perl, Rabinowitz, Satris, Schnyer, Valadka, Vassar, Zafonte.
Supervision: Lingsma, Okonkwo, Maas, Manley, Bodien, Ferguson, Gopinath, Sander.
Other—Member of TRACK TBI Outcomes Core: McAllister.
Other—monitoring: Noel.
Other—Discussion of need for validating imaging Common Data Elements for TBI: Levin.
Other: Dikmen.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Bodien reports grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) during the conduct of the study. Dr Boase reports grants from NINDS and grants from the Department of Defense during the conduct of the study. Dr Diaz-Arrastia reports grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Defense, and Pennsylvania Department of Health. Dr Duhaime reports grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Adeoye reports being a founder and equity holder from Sense Diagnostics Inc outside the submitted work and holding patent US13/977,689 issued, which is related to Sense Diagnostics work. Dr Giacino reports grants from NINDS, the Department of Defense, the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research, James S. McDonnell Foundation, and the National Football League during the conduct of the study. Dr Ferguson reports grants from the NIH (grants UG3/UH3NS106899, R01NS088475, U01NS086090), the Department of Veterans Affairs (grants I01RX002245 and I01RX002787), the Department of Energy (LLNL), and the Department of Defense (grants W81XWH-14-2-0176 and W81XWH2010245) during the conduct of the study and grants from the NIH (grants U19AR076737, R01AG056770, R01MH116156, R01CA213441, and R01NS114043), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (grant N660012024046), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (grant 80NSSC19K158), the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation, and Wings for Life Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Foreman reports grants from the NINDS, the Department of Defense, and the National Science Foundation and personal fees from UCB Pharma Inc for speaking and consulting outside the submitted work. Dr Lindsell reports grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study and grants from the NIH, Department of Defense, and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; research contracts to their institution from Entegrion Inc, Endpoint Health, and bioMerieux; stock options from Bioscape Digital; and grants from Marcus Foundation outside the submitted work. In addition, Dr Lindsell has a patent for risk stratification in pediatric septic shock issued to Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Dr Levin reports grants from the NIH and the Department of Defense during the period of research for this study. Dr Maas reports a grant from European Union 7th Framework Program (grant 602150) during the conduct of the study and grants from Integra LifeSciences and NeuroTrauma Sciences and personal fees from PresSuraNeuro outside the submitted work. Dr McAllister reports grants from University of California, San Francisco research subaward for Indiana University School of Medicine for TRACK-TBI during the conduct of the study. Dr McCrea reports a research subaward from the NIH during the conduct of the study and research grants from the NINDS, Department of Defense, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abbott Laboratories, National Collegiate Athletic Association, and National Football League Scientific Advisory Board outside the submitted work. Dr Mukherjee reports grants from the NIH, Department of Defense, Abbott Labs, and the National Football League Scientific Advisory Board, and patents 15/782,005 and PCT/US2020/042811 pending to the University of California Regents during the conduct of the study. Dr Nelson reports grants from NINDS during the conduct of the study and grants from the Department of Defense, Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Research & Education Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outside the submitted work. Dr Machamer reports grants from the Department of Defense and grants from NINDS during the conduct of the study. Dr Madden reports grants from the NIH to TRACK-TBI during the conduct of the study. Dr Manley reports grants from NINDS to TRACK-TBI (grant U01NS086090), the US Department of Defense for the Traumatic Brain Injury Endpoints Development Initiative (grant W81XWH-14-2-0176), funding for stipends for patients in TRACK-TBI and support to clinical sites from One Mind, support for TRACK-TBI data curation efforts from NeuroTrauma Sciences LLC, support for a precision medicine collaboration from US Department of Energy, grants from US Department of Defense for TRACK-TBI precision medicine (grant W81XWH-18-2-0042), a contract from the US Department of Defense to the Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium TRACK-TBI Network (contract W81XWH-15-9-0001), and a grant from the National Football League to the TRACK-TBI LONG study (which will extend TRACK-TBI’s current 1-year follow-up for 3 additional years) during the conduct of the study. Ms Markowitz reports a grant from the US Department of Defense TBI Endpoints Development Initiative (grant W81XWH-14-2-0176), a contract from the US Department of Defense/Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium to the TRACK-TBI NETWORK (contract W81XWH-15-9-0001), personal fees from the US Department of Energy for salary support from the precision medicine collaboration, and personal fees from One Mind for salary support during the conduct of the study. Dr Okonkwo reports grants from the NIH, the Department of Defense, Abbott, One Mind, and the National Football League Scientific Advisory Board during the conduct of the study. Dr Robertson reports grants from the NIH, the Department of Defense, Abbott, and the National Football League Scientific Advisory Board during the conduct of the study. Dr Rosand reports grants from the NIH and One Mind for research during the conduct of the study and fees from Boehringer Ingelheim for consulting outside the submitted work. Dr Pisică reports a grant from European Union 7th Framework Program (EC grant 602150) during the conduct of the study. Dr Toga reports grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Temkin reports grants from the NIH and Department of Defense during the study and other funding from the Department of Energy and University of Southern California during the conduct of the study. Dr Stein reports grants from NINDS during the conduct of the study and stock options from Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals outside the submitted work. Dr Yuh reports patents 15/782,005 and PCT/US2020/042811 pending to the University of California Regents. Dr Schnyer reports grants from the NIH and the Department of Defense during the conduct of the study. Dr Verheyden reports grants from 7th Framework Program (grant NCT02210221) during the conduct of the study. Dr Zafonte received royalties from Oakstone for an educational CD called Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: a Comprehensive Review and Springer/Demos Publishing for serving as coeditor of the text Brain Injury Medicine; Dr Zafonte serves on the scientific advisory boards of Myomo, Oxeia Biopharma, ElMindA, and Biodirection and evaluates patients in the Massachusetts General Hospital Brain and Body–TRUST Program, which is funded by the National Football League Players Association.
Funding/Support: This Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) analysis was funded by the US Department of Defense (TBI Endpoints Development Initiative grant W81XWH-14-2-0176); TRACK-TBI was funded by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute for Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (grant U01 NS1365885), One Mind, NeuroTrauma Sciences, and Jackson Family Foundation; and Abbott Laboratories provides research support to the TRACK-TBI Network under a collaborative research agreement. Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (EC grant 602150) with additional funding from the Hannelore Kohl Stiftung, One Mind, the Integra LifeSciences Corporation, and NeuroTrauma Sciences. Patient travel expenses and stipends were supported by One Mind (Staglin Family and General Peter Chiarelli).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The article contents are solely the responsibility of the authors, do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, and are not necessarily endorsed by the US Department of Defense or other study sponsors.