Accepted for Publication: May 28, 2021.
Published Online: July 26, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.3779
Corresponding Author: Kimberly G. Blumenthal, MD, MSc, Massachusetts General Hospital, The Mongan Institute, 100 Cambridge St, 16th Floor, Boston, MA 02114 (kblumenthal@mgh.harvard.edu).
Author Contributions: Drs Krantz, Kwah, and Blumenthal had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Krantz and Kwah are co–first authors, and Drs Banerji and Blumenthal share senior authorship.
Concept and design: Krantz, Kwah, Stone, Phillips, Banerji, Blumenthal.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Krantz, Kwah, Stone, Phillips, Ortega, Blumenthal.
Drafting of the manuscript: Krantz, Kwah, Stone, Phillips, Blumenthal.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.
Statistical analysis: Krantz, Stone, Blumenthal.
Obtained funding: Phillips, Blumenthal.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Kwah, Stone, Phillips, Ortega, Banerji, Blumenthal.
Supervision: Krantz, Stone, Phillips, Banerji, Blumenthal.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Stone reported grants from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) during the conduct of the study. Dr Phillips reported personal fees from Janssen, Biocyst, Regeneron, Vertex, and UpToDate and grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and grants from NHMRC Australia Monies to institution outside the submitted work. Dr Blumenthal reported grants from NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases during the conduct of the study. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This work was supported by NIH grant K01 AI125631 (Dr Blumenthal), AHRQ/Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute grant 1K12HS026395-01 (Dr Stone), and the Massachusetts General Hospital DOM Transformative Scholar Program (Dr Blumenthal).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding organizations had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH, AHRQ, or MGH.
Additional Contributions: We thank many colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital (Lacey B. Robinson, MD, MPH, Anna R. Wolfson, MD, Rebecca R. Saff, MD, PhD, Upeka Samarakoon, PhD, MPH), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Paige G. Wickner, MD, MPH, Lily Li, MD, David I. Hong, MD), Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Grace Koo, MD), Yale School of Medicine (John K. Kuster, MD, Christina C. Price, MD), and University of Texas Southwestern (David A. Khan, MD, Timothy G. Chow, MD, Rebecca Gruchalla, MD, PhD). We thank Christian M. Mancini, BS, Massachusetts General Hospital, for assistance with data analysis. No compensation was received by any of these individuals.
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