Question
What are the comparative benefits and harms of all available pharmacologic treatments for H1 antihistamine–refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria?
Findings
In this network meta-analysis of 23 randomized clinical trials including 2480 participants, the biologic agents ligelizumab, 72 or 240 mg (large beneficial effect), and omalizumab, 300 or 600 mg (moderate beneficial effect), appeared to be effective treatments for H1 antihistamine–refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria. Alternative treatments with small beneficial effects, namely, dapsone, hydroxychloroquine, cyclosporine, and zafirlukast, can be used.
Meaning
The findings of this meta-analysis may inform international guidelines for the management of chronic spontaneous urticaria that is inadequately controlled with H1 antihistamines and further research in this clinical setting.
Importance
The comparative benefits and harms of all available treatments for H1 antihistamine–refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) have not been established.
Objective
To evaluate different treatment effects of pharmacologic treatments among patients with H1 antihistamine–refractory CSU.
Data Sources
Searches were conducted of MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL from inception to April 19, 2021, with no language restrictions. Gray literature from Google Scholar, ongoing trial registers, and preprint reports was added to the searches of electronic databases.
Study Selection
Randomized clinical trials using validated measurement tools that investigated the benefits and harms of pharmacologic treatments among adolescent or adult patients with CSU who had an inadequate response to H1 antihistamines were screened for inclusion independently by 2 investigators.
Data Extraction and Synthesis
Two investigators independently extracted study data according to the predefined list of interests. A random-effects model was used to calculate the network estimates reported as standardized mean differences and odds ratios with corresponding 95% CIs.
Main Outcomes and Measures
The primary outcomes that reflect the patient’s perspective included changes in urticaria symptoms from baseline and unacceptability of treatment (all-cause dropouts).
Results
Twenty-three randomized clinical trials with 2480 participants that compared 18 different interventions or dosages and placebo were included. The standardized mean differences for change in urticaria symptoms were −1.05 (95% CI, −1.37 to −0.73) for ligelizumab, 72 mg; −1.07 (95% CI, −1.39 to −0.75) for ligelizumab, 240 mg; −0.77 (95% CI, −0.91 to −0.63) for omalizumab, 300 mg; and −0.59 (95% CI, −1.10 to −0.08) for omalizumab, 600 mg. No significant differences in treatment unacceptability were observed. With respect to benefits and harms, the network estimates illustrated that the most efficacious treatments were achieved with ligelizumab, 72 or 240 mg (large beneficial effect) and omalizumab, 300 or 600 mg (moderate beneficial effect).
Conclusions and Relevance
The findings in this meta-analysis suggest that the biologic agents ligelizumab, 72 or 240 mg, and omalizumab, 300 or 600 mg, can be recommended as effective treatments for patients with CSU who have had an inadequate response to H1 antihistamines. Head-to-head trials with high methodologic quality and harmonized design and outcome definitions are needed to help inform subsequent international guidelines for the management of CSU.