Accepted for Publication: July 30, 2021.
Published Online: September 20, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3188
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2021 Nosadini M et al. JAMA Neurology.
Corresponding Author: Ming Lim, MD, PhD, Children’s Neurosciences, Evelina London Children’s Hospital at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom (ming.lim@gstt.nhs.uk).
The International NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis Consensus Group: Banu Anlar, MD; Thaís Armangue, MD, PhD; Susanne Benseler, MD; Tania Cellucci, MD, MScCH; Kumaran Deiva, MD; William Gallentine, DO; Grace Gombolay, MD; Mark P. Gorman, MD; Yael Hacohen, MD, PhD; Yuwu Jiang, MD; Byung Chan Lim, MD; Eyal Muscal, MD, MS; Alvin Ndondo, MD; Rinze Neuteboom, MD, PhD; Kevin Rostásy, MD; Hiroshi Sakuma, MD; Stefano Sartori, MD, PhD; Suvasini Sharma, MD; Silvia Noemi Tenembaum, MD; Heather Ann Van Mater, MD; Elizabeth Wells, MD; Ronny Wickstrom, MD, PhD; Anusha K. Yeshokumar, MD.
Affiliations of The International NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis Consensus Group: Neuroimmunology Group, Paediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza,” Padova, Italy (Sartori); Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Armangue); Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (Anlar); Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children’s Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Armangue); Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Benseler); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Cellucci); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris, France (Deiva); French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Paris, France (Deiva); European Reference Network-RITA, Paris, France (Deiva); Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California (Gallentine); Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (Gombolay); Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Gorman); Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Hacohen); Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom (Hacohen); Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (Jiang); Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Lim); Section Rheumatology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Muscal); Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Ndondo); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa (Ndondo); Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Neuteboom); Children’s Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany (Rostásy); Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Sakuma); University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy (Sartori); Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children’s Hospital, New Delhi, India (Sharma); National Pediatric Hospital Dr J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Tenembaum); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (Van Mater); Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC (Wells); Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (Wickstrom); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Yeshokumar).
Author Contributions: Drs Nosadini and M. Lim had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Nosadini and Eyre contributed equally to this work.
Study concept and design: Nosadini, Eyre, Molteni, Dale, M. Lim, Anlar, Ndondo, Sartori, Sharma.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Nosadini, Eyre, Molteni, Thomas, Irani, Dalmau, Dale, M. Lim, Armangue, Benseler, Cellucci, Deiva, Gallentine, Gombolay, Gorman, Hacohen, Jiang, B. Lim, Muscal, Neuteboom, Rostásy, Sakuma, Sartori, Tenembaum, Van Mater, Wells, Wickstrom, Yeshokumar.
Drafting of the manuscript: Nosadini, Eyre, Molteni, Irani, Dale, M. Lim, Ndondo.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Nosadini, Eyre, Molteni, Thomas, Dalmau, Dale, M. Lim, Anlar, Armangue, Benseler, Cellucci, Deiva, Gallentine, Gombolay, Gorman, Hacohen, Jiang, B. Lim, Muscal, Ndondo, Neuteboom, Rostásy, Sakuma, Sartori, Sharma, Tenembaum, Van Mater, Wells, Wickstrom, Yeshokumar.
Statistical analysis: Eyre, Molteni, Dale, M. Lim, Benseler.
Obtained funding: Molteni.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Irani, Dale, Cellucci, Gombolay, Jiang.
Study supervision: Dalmau, Dale, M. Lim, Deiva, Sakuma, Sartori, Sharma.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Molteni has received grants from the UK Medical Research Council Fellowship Scheme. Dr Irani has received grants from CSL Behring, UCB Pharma, and Ono Pharmaceutical; personal fees from UCB Pharma and ADC Therapeutics; and is a coapplicant and receives royalties on patent application WO/210/046716. Dr Dalmau has received royalties from Euroimmun and grants from SAGE. Dr Ming Lim has received consultation fees from CSL Behring, Novartis, Octapharma, and Roche; grants from Boston Children’s Hospital Research Funds, Great Ormond Street Hospital grant, and Great Ormond Street Hospital/Guy’s and St Thomas’ Trust/St Mary’s Hospital Charity; and has received travel grants from Merck Serono; and was awarded educational grants to organize meetings by Novartis, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, and Bayer. Dr Armangue has received personal fees from Biogen and Novartis. Dr Cellucci has received personal fees from Novartis Canada. Dr Deiva has received personal fees from Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi, and Viela and nonfinancial support from Novartis. Dr Gombolay receives part-time salary support from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to review acute flaccid myelitis cases for surveillance. Dr Gorman has received research funding from Pfizer and Roche. Dr Neuteboom participates in treatment studies in pediatric multiple sclerosis by Novartis and Sanofi-Genzyme and has received consultation fees from Novartis, Zogenix, and Sanofi-Genzyme. Dr Rostásy participates in treatment studies in pediatric multiple sclerosis by Roche. Dr Tenembaum has received personal fees from Biogen Idec Argentina, Genzyme, Novartis Pharma, Novartis Argentina, Genentech-Roche, and Alexion Pharmaceuticals. Dr Wickstrom has received grants from the Stockholm City Council and Hjärnfonden; consultation fees from Roche, Novartis, and Octapharma; and personal fees from Octapharma, Roche, GW Pharma, and Biogen. Dr Yeshokumar has received personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: Dr Eyre is supported by Action Medical Research and the British Paediatric Neurology Association. Dr Molteni is supported by the Medical Research Council Skills Development Fellowship Scheme. Dr Armangue is supported by research grants from Instituto Carlos III/FEDER, Spain (PI18/00486), and Generalitat de Catalunya PERIS (SLT006/17/00362). Dr Irani is supported by the Wellcome Trust (104079/Z/14/Z), the UCB-Oxford University Alliance, BMA Research Grants, Vera Down grant (2013) and Margaret Temple grant (2017), Epilepsy Research UK (P1201), the Fulbright UK-US Commission (Multiple Sclerosis Society research award), and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. Dr Dale is supported by National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator grant (Australia) and Petre Foundation. Dr Ming Lim receives research grants from Action Medical Research, the Dancing Eye Syndrome Society, the Great Ormond Street Hospital Charity, the National Institute for Health Research, the Multiple Sclerosis Society UK, and the Sparks Charity; and receives research support grants from the London Clinical Research Network and the Evelina Appeal.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: This study was supported and endorsed by the Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance. Thank you to Kimberley de Haseth, BSc (Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance, Durham, North Carolina), for support and advice. She was not compensated for her contribution.