Accepted for Publication: August 11, 2021.
Published Online: October 20, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2021.5251
Corresponding Author: John C. Woodfield, PhD, Department of Surgical Sciences, Otago Medical School, Dunedin Campus, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand (john.woodfield@otago.ac.nz).
Author Contributions: Dr Woodfield had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Woodfield, Clifford, Schmidt, Amer, McCall.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Woodfield, Clifford, Schmidt, Turner, Amer.
Drafting of the manuscript: Woodfield, Clifford, Schmidt.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.
Statistical analysis: Clifford, Amer.
Obtained funding: Woodfield.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Clifford, Schmidt, Turner, Amer, McCall.
Supervision: Woodfield, Clifford.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: University of Otago, Research Grant 2017.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: We thank the University of Otago Research Grant committee for funding this project.