Accepted for Publication: August 21, 2021.
Published: October 26, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.31132
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2021 Anderson MS et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Jessica L. Mellinger, MD, MSc, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, 3912 Taubman Center, SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (jmelling@med.umich.edu).
Author Contributions: Dr Mellinger had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: All authors.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Anderson, Valbuena, Brown, Waits, Mellinger.
Drafting of the manuscript: Anderson, Valbuena, Brown, Waits, Mellinger.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.
Statistical analysis: Anderson, Valbuena, Brown.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Valbuena, Sonnenday, Englesbe.
Supervision: Brown, Englesbe, Mellinger.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Anderson reported receiving grants from the National Institute on Aging. Dr Valbuena reported receiving grants from the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation Clinician Scholars Program and the National Institutes of Health. Dr Brown reported receiving grants from the Ruth L. Kirschstein Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Award administered by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dr Englesbe reported receiving grants from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institute on Drug Abuse and salary support from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Dr Mellinger reported receiving grants from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Career Development Award. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This work was supported in part by contract No. HHSH250-2019-00001C from the Health Resources and Services Administration.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The content is the responsibility of the authors alone and does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government.