Corresponding Author: Julia A. Bielicki, PhD, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, Jenner Wing, Level 2, Room 2.215E, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK SW17 0RE (jbielick@sgul.ac.uk).
Accepted for Publication: September 22, 2021.
Correction: This article was corrected on December 7, 2021, to correct a misspelling in the surname of a member of the trial steering committee.
Author Contributions: Drs Bielicki and Stöhr had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Joint first authors: Drs Bielicki and Stöhr. Drs Lyttle, Gibb, and Sharland contributed equally.
Concept and design: Bielicki, Stöhr, Barratt, Dunn, Roland, Sturgeon, Finn, Powell, Faust, Lyttle, Gibb, Sharland.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Bielicki, Stöhr, Barratt, Dunn, Naufal, Roland, Finn, Rodriguez Ruiz, Malhotra-Kumar, Powell, Faust, Alcock, Hall, Robinson, Hawcutt, Lyttle, Gibb, Sharland.
Drafting of the manuscript: Bielicki, Stöhr, Dunn, Sturgeon, Lyttle, Gibb.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Bielicki, Stöhr, Barratt, Dunn, Naufal, Roland, Finn, Rodriguez Ruiz, Malhotra-Kumar, Powell, Faust, Alcock, Hall, Robinson, Hawcutt, Lyttle, Sharland.
Statistical analysis: Stöhr, Dunn.
Obtained funding: Bielicki, Faust, Lyttle, Gibb, Sharland.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Barratt, Naufal, Roland, Sturgeon, Finn, Powell, Faust, Robinson, Lyttle, Gibb.
Supervision: Dunn, Finn, Malhotra-Kumar, Powell, Faust, Lyttle, Gibb, Sharland.
Other - Data generation: Malhotra-Kumar.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Bielicki reported grants from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR; grant No. 13/88/11) during the conduct of the study; her spouse was senior corporate counsel at Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland until June 2020 and owns stock and stock options. Dr Barratt reported grants from (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) (grant No. 13/88/11) during the conduct of the study. Dr Roland reported being chair of Paediatric Emergency Research United Kingdom and Ireland (PERUKI). Dr Sturgeon reported grants from NIHR HTA (HTA project ID, 13/88/11) during the conduct of the study. Dr Finn reported grants from UK Research and Innovation-NIHR/HTA funding for laboratory work during the conduct of the study, and grants from Pfizer collaborative outside the submitted work. Dr Faust reported grants from NIHR during the conduct of the study; other (fees paid to the institution for advisory board participation) from Medimmune, Sanofi, Pfizer, Seqrius, Sandoz, and Merck; grants for serving as clinical trial investigator on behalf of the institution (no personal payments of any kind) from Pfizer, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, AstraZeneca, and Valneva outside the submitted work. Dr Sharland reported grants from NIHR HTA (grant No. 13/88/11) during the conduct of the study. No other disclosures were reported.
Group Information: PERUKI, GAPRUKI, and the CAP-IT trial group members are listed in Supplement 4.
Funding/Support: The CAP-IT trial (Community-Acquired Pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial) was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Program, Antimicrobial Resistance Themed Call (grant No. 13/88/11).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The NIHR had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 5.
Additional Contributions: We thank all members of the trial committees, all families and children who have taken part, and all participating sites for their invaluable contributions to the CAP-IT trial. Trial steering committee independent members: Elizabeth Molyneux (chair), MD, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Chris Butler, MD, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Alan Smyth, MD, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; and Catherine Prichard, BSc, patient representative. Independent data monitoring committee: Tim Peto (chair), MD, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Simon Cousens, DipMathStat, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; and Stuart Logan, MSc, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK. Independent end point review committee members: Alasdair Bamford (chair), PhD, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Anna Turkova, MD, MRC CTU, at University College London, London, UK; Anna Goodman, DPhil, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Felicity Fitzgerald, PhD, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK. Trial management group: Paul Little, MD, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Julie Robotham, PhD, Imperial College London, London, UK; Mandy Wan, MSc, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Nigel Klein, PhD, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Louise Rogers, BSc, Birmingham’s Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK; and Elia Vitale, BSc, St George’s University, London, UK. Members of the trial steering committee, independent data monitoring committee, the end point review committee, and the trial management group did not receive specific compensation for their contribution to the study, but were reimbursed for study-related expenses (travel, accommodation).
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