Corresponding Author: Kirsi Järvinen, MD, PhD, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642 (kirsi_jarvinen-seppo@urmc.rochester.edu).
Accepted for Publication: October 5, 2021.
Published Online: November 10, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4897
Author Contributions: Dr Järvinen had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Young and Seppo served as co–first authors.
Concept and design: Young, Seppo, Rosen-Carole, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Ferri-Huerta, Järvinen.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Young, Seppo, Diaz, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Cruz Vasquez, Ferri-Huerta, Nguyen-Contant, Fitzgerald, Sangster, Topham, Järvinen.
Drafting of the manuscript: Young, Seppo, Cruz Vasquez, Ferri-Huerta, Nguyen-Contant, Fitzgerald, Järvinen.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Young, Seppo, Diaz, Rosen-Carole, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Cruz Vasquez, Sangster, Topham, Järvinen.
Statistical analysis: Young, Seppo, Järvinen.
Obtained funding: Young, Ferri-Huerta, Järvinen.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Seppo, Diaz, Rosen-Carole, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Cruz Vasquez, Ferri-Huerta, Nguyen-Contant, Fitzgerald, Topham, Järvinen.
Supervision: Young, Seppo, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Sangster, Järvinen.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Young reported grants from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Gerber Foundation outside the submitted work during the conduct of this study. Dr Seppo reported grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAD) during the conduct of the study. Dr Rosen-Carole reported grants from the National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study. Dr Nowak-Wegrzyn reported grants from the NIAID during the conduct of the study. Dr Järvinen reported grants from the NIAID during the conduct of the study and grants from Janssen outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grant U01 AI131344-04S1) and in-kind support from Medela.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: Neither funder had a role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: We thank Kaili Widrick, MS, Katherine Murphy, Miranda Klein, MPH, and Elizabeth Catlin, CNM, for their technical assistance. All individuals are employees of the University of Rochester and were not compensated outside of their standard salary. We are very grateful to the families that graciously donated their time and milk to this study.
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