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Hepatobiliary Disease

Association of Bariatric Surgery With Major Adverse Liver and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Biopsy-Proven Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Educational Objective
To understand the association of bariatric surgery with major adverse liver outcomes and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients who have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and obesity.
1 Credit CME
JAMA
November 23, 2021
Original Investigation
Ali Aminian, MD1;
Abbas Al-Kurd, MD1;
Rickesha Wilson, MD1;
James Bena, MS2;
Hana Fayazzadeh, MD1;
Tavankit Singh, MD3,4;
Vance L. Albaugh, MD, PhD1,5;
Faiz U. Shariff, MD1,6;
Noe A. Rodriguez, MD1,7;
Jian Jin, MS2;
Stacy A. Brethauer, MD, MBA1,8;
Srinivasan Dasarathy, MD3;
Naim Alkhouri, MD3,9;
Philip R. Schauer, MD1,5;
Arthur J. McCullough, MD3;
Steven E. Nissen, MD10
Author Affiliations
  • 1Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 2Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 4Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
  • 5Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
  • 6Department of Surgery, Wellspan Hospital, York, Pennsylvania
  • 7Department of Surgery, Northwest Medical Center, Springdale, Arkansas
  • 8Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
  • 9Fatty Liver Program, Arizona Liver Health, Chandler
  • 10Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Key Points

Question  Is there an association between bariatric surgery and major adverse liver outcomes or major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and obesity in long-term follow-up?

Findings  In this retrospective cohort study of 1158 patients (including 650 patients who underwent bariatric surgery and 508 patients in the nonsurgical control group) with biopsy-proven fibrotic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis without cirrhosis, bariatric surgery was significantly associated with a lower risk of major adverse liver outcomes (adjusted absolute 10-year risk difference of 12.4%) and major adverse cardiovascular events (adjusted absolute 10-year risk difference of 13.9%).

Meaning  Among patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and obesity, bariatric surgery, compared with nonsurgical management, was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident major adverse liver outcomes and major adverse cardiovascular events.

Abstract

Importance  No therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of serious adverse outcomes in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

Objective  To investigate the long-term relationship between bariatric surgery and incident major adverse liver outcomes and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with obesity and biopsy-proven fibrotic NASH without cirrhosis.

Design, Setting, and Participants  In the SPLENDOR (Surgical Procedures and Long-term Effectiveness in NASH Disease and Obesity Risk) study, of 25 828 liver biopsies performed at a US health system between 2004 and 2016, 1158 adult patients with obesity were identified who fulfilled enrollment criteria, including confirmed histological diagnosis of NASH and presence of liver fibrosis (histological stages 1-3). Baseline clinical characteristics, histological disease activity, and fibrosis stage of patients who underwent simultaneous liver biopsy at the time of bariatric surgery were balanced with a nonsurgical control group using overlap weighting methods. Follow-up ended in March 2021.

Exposures  Bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy) vs nonsurgical care.

Main Outcomes and Measures  The primary outcomes were the incidence of major adverse liver outcomes (progression to clinical or histological cirrhosis, development of hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, or liver-related mortality) and MACE (a composite of coronary artery events, cerebrovascular events, heart failure, or cardiovascular death), estimated using the Firth penalized method in a multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analysis framework.

Results  A total of 1158 patients (740 [63.9%] women; median age, 49.8 years [IQR, 40.9-57.9 years], median body mass index, 44.1 [IQR, 39.4-51.4]), including 650 patients who underwent bariatric surgery and 508 patients in the nonsurgical control group, with a median follow-up of 7 years (IQR, 4-10 years) were analyzed. Distribution of baseline covariates, including histological severity of liver injury, was well-balanced after overlap weighting. At the end of the study period in the unweighted data set, 5 patients in the bariatric surgery group and 40 patients in the nonsurgical control group experienced major adverse liver outcomes, and 39 patients in the bariatric surgery group and 60 patients in the nonsurgical group experienced MACE. Among the patients analyzed with overlap weighting methods, the cumulative incidence of major adverse liver outcomes at 10 years was 2.3% (95% CI, 0%-4.6%) in the bariatric surgery group and 9.6% (95% CI, 6.1%-12.9%) in the nonsurgical group (adjusted absolute risk difference, 12.4% [95% CI, 5.7%-19.7%]; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.12 [95% CI, 0.02-0.63]; P = .01). The cumulative incidence of MACE at 10 years was 8.5% (95% CI, 5.5%-11.4%) in the bariatric surgery group and 15.7% (95% CI, 11.3%-19.8%) in the nonsurgical group (adjusted absolute risk difference, 13.9% [95% CI, 5.9%-21.9%]; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.12-0.72]; P = .007). Within the first year after bariatric surgery, 4 patients (0.6%) died from surgical complications, including gastrointestinal leak (n = 2) and respiratory failure (n = 2).

Conclusions and Relevance  Among patients with NASH and obesity, bariatric surgery, compared with nonsurgical management, was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident major adverse liver outcomes and MACE.

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Bariatric Surgery Obesity Surgery Hepatobiliary Disease Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Article Information

Corresponding Author: Steven E. Nissen, MD, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Desk JB-20, Cleveland, OH 44195 (nissens@ccf.org).

Accepted for Publication: October 14, 2021.

Published Online: November 11, 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.19569

Author Contributions: Dr Aminian had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Aminian, Al-Kurd, Fayazzadeh, Dasarathy, Schauer.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Aminian, Al-Kurd, Wilson, Bena, Singh, Albaugh, Shariff, Rodriguez, Jin, Brethauer, Dasarathy, Alkhouri, Schauer, McCullough, Nissen.

Drafting of the manuscript: Aminian, Fayazzadeh, Albaugh, Shariff, Jin, Nissen.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Aminian, Al-Kurd, Wilson, Bena, Singh, Albaugh, Shariff, Rodriguez, Brethauer, Dasarathy, Alkhouri, Schauer, McCullough, Nissen.

Statistical analysis: Al-Kurd, Bena, Alkhouri.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Aminian, Wilson, Fayazzadeh, Albaugh, Shariff, Dasarathy, Schauer, McCullough, Nissen.

Supervision: Aminian, Dasarathy, Nissen.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Aminian reported receiving research support and speaking honoraria from Medtronic. Dr Brethauer reported being a consultant for GI Windows and receiving speaking honoraria from Medtronic. Dr Dasarathy reported being supported by research grants from the National Institutes of Health. Dr Alkhouri reported being on an advisory board or review panel for Echosens, Fibronostics, Gilead, Intercept, Perspectum, Pfizer, and Zydus; receiving research support from 89Bio, Akero, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech, Gilead, Intercept, Madrigal, NGM Bio, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Viking, and Zydus; and being a speaker for AbbVie, Alexion Echosens, Gilead, and Intercept. Dr Schauer reported being a consultant for GI Dynamics, Keyron, Persona, and Mediflix; receiving research support from Ethicon, Medtronic, and Pacira; receiving honoraria from Ethicon, Medtronic, BD Surgical, and Gore; and having an ownership interest in SE Healthcare LLC. Dr Nissen reported receiving research support from Medtronic and Ethicon. No other disclosures were reported.

Meeting Presentation: This study was presented in part in the Latest Science Session at the European Society of Cardiology Congress on August 27, 2021.

Additional Contributions: We acknowledge Mary Ellen Satava, BSN (Cleveland Clinic), for her help in collecting some of the data. She did not receive compensation for her role in the study.

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