Accepted for Publication: November 8, 2021.
Published: December 16, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.41779
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2021 Zheng Z et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Zhe Zheng, MPhil, MBBS, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511 (zhe.zheng@yale.edu).
Author Contributions: Miss Zheng had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Pitzer, Shapiro, Bont, Weinberger.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: Zheng, Bont, Weinberger.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Pitzer, Shapiro, Bont, Weinberger.
Statistical analysis: Zheng, Pitzer, Bont.
Obtained funding: Pitzer, Weinberger.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Zheng, Shapiro, Bont.
Supervision: Pitzer, Shapiro, Weinberger.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Pitzer reported receiving reimbursement from Merck and Pfizer for travel expenses to Scientific Input Engagements on respiratory syncytial virus. Dr Weinberger reported receiving consulting fees from Pfizer, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, and Affinivax and is principal investigator on research grants from Pfizer and Merck outside the submitted work. Dr Bont reported receiving grants from AbbVie, MedImmune, Janssen, Pfizer, MeMed, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: Drs Weinberger and Pitzer received support from grants R01AI137093 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health. Dr Shapiro was supported, in part, by grants number UL1TR000142 and KL2-TR001862 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The contents of this manuscript are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIH.
2.Shi
T , McAllister
DA , O’Brien
KL ,
et al; RSV Global Epidemiology Network. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study.
Lancet. 2017;390(10098):946-958. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30938-8PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 3.Tin Tin Htar
M , Yerramalla
MS , Moïsi
JC , Swerdlow
DL . The burden of respiratory syncytial virus in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148:e48. doi:
10.1017/S0950268820000400PubMedGoogle Scholar 8.Boron
ML , Edelman
L , Groothuis
JR , Malinoski
FJ . A novel active respiratory syncytial virus surveillance system in the United States: variability in the local and regional incidence of infection.
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(12):1095-1098. doi:
10.1097/INF.0b013e3181812c8ePubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 11.Yeoh
DK , Foley
DA , Minney-Smith
CA ,
et al. The impact of COVID-19 public health measures on detections of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in children during the 2020 Australian winter.
Clin Infect Dis. 2020;72(12):2199-2202. doi:
10.1093/cid/ciaa1475Google ScholarCrossref 12.Casalegno
J-s , Javouhey
E , Ploin
D ,
et al. Delayed start of the respiratory syncytial virus epidemic at the end of the 20/21 northern hemisphere winter season, Lyon, France.
medRxiv. 2021:2021.2003.2012.21253446.
Google Scholar 14.Coma
E , Vila
J , Méndez-Boo
L ,
et al. Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus burden of disease observed in primary care diagnosis of children under 5 years old during the COVID-19 pandemic: a time-series analysis using routinely collected data from primary care electronic health records in Catalonia (Spain).
medRxiv. 2021:2021.2001.2027.21250063.
Google Scholar 16.Ferrero
F , Ossorio
MF . Is there a place for bronchiolitis in the COVID-19 era? Lack of hospitalizations due to common respiratory viruses during the 2020 winter.
Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(7):2372-2373. doi:
10.1002/ppul.25391PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 19.Pisesky
A , Benchimol
EI , Wong
CA ,
et al. Incidence of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection amongst children in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study using validated health administrative data.
PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150416. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0150416PubMedGoogle Scholar 20.Hamilton
MA , Calzavara
A , Emerson
SD ,
et al. Validating International Classification of Disease 10th Revision algorithms for identifying influenza and respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations.
PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0244746. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0244746PubMedGoogle Scholar 28.Baker
RE , Park
SW , Yang
W , Vecchi
GA , Metcalf
CJE , Grenfell
BT . The impact of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the future dynamics of endemic infections.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(48):30547-30553. doi:
10.1073/pnas.2013182117PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 32.Wallinga
J , Teunis
P , Kretzschmar
M . Using data on social contacts to estimate age-specific transmission parameters for respiratory-spread infectious agents.
Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(10):936-944. doi:
10.1093/aje/kwj317PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 33.van Hoek
AJ , Andrews
N , Campbell
H , Amirthalingam
G , Edmunds
WJ , Miller
E . The social life of infants in the context of infectious disease transmission; social contacts and mixing patterns of the very young.
PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76180. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0076180PubMedGoogle Scholar 36.Yan
Y , Malik
AA , Bayham
J , Fenichel
EP , Couzens
C , Omer
SB . Measuring voluntary and policy-induced social distancing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(16):e2008814118. doi:
10.1073/pnas.2008814118PubMedGoogle Scholar 38.Lasry
A , Kidder
D , Hast
M ,
et al; CDC Public Health Law Program; New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; Louisiana Department of Health; Public Health – Seattle & King County; San Francisco COVID-19 Response Team; Alameda County Public Health Department; San Mateo County Health Department; Marin County Division of Public Health. Timing of community mitigation and changes in reported COVID-19 and community mobility - four U.S. metropolitan areas, February 26-April 1, 2020.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(15):451-457. doi:
10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e2PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 45.Eden
J-S , Sikazwe
C , Xie
R ,
et al. Off-season RSV epidemics in Australia after easing of COVID-19 restrictions.
medRxiv. 2021:2021.2007.2021.21260810.
Google Scholar 46.Agoti
CN , Otieno
JR , Ngama
M ,
et al. Successive respiratory syncytial virus epidemics in local populations arise from multiple variant introductions, providing insights into virus persistence.
J Virol. 2015;89(22):11630-11642. doi:
10.1128/JVI.01972-15PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 47.Foley
DA , Yeoh
DK , Minney-Smith
CA ,
et al. The interseasonal resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Australian children following the reduction of coronavirus disease 2019-related public health measures.
Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(9):e2829-e2830. doi:
10.1093/cid/ciaa1906PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref