Accepted for Publication: November 5, 2021.
Published: January 7, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.42210
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 Malhotra S et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Randeep Guleria, DM, Director, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, Delhi-110029, India (director.aiims@gmail.com).
The COVID Reinfection AIIMS Consortium Authors: Aman Dua, MPH; Shafi Ahmad, MDS; Ramadass Sathiyamoorthy, MD; Ajay Sharma, BSc; Tabbu Sakya, MCA; Vikas Gaur, PhD; Shilpi Chaudhary, PhD; Swetambri Sharma, MSc; Divya Madan, MSc; Anvita Gupta, MSc; Shubi Virmani, MDS; Arti Gupta, MSc; Nidhi Yadav, MSc; Surbhi Sachdeva, MCom; Shilpi Sharma, BA; Sachin Singh, BSc; Abhimanyu Pandey, MPharma; Mukesh Singh, PhD; Divashree Jhurani, MSc; Swarnabha Sarkar, MSc; Amol Kumar Lokade, MDS; Atif Mohammad, MDS; Sabitri Pandit, BTech; Ritu Dubey, MA; Ajay Kumar Singh, MA; Naveen Gohar, BA; Divyansh Soni, MBBS; Arunangshu Bhattacharyya, MBBS; Sabin Rai, MBBS; Snikitha Tummala, MBBS; Ishan Gupta, MBBS; Sakshi Shukla, MSc.
Affiliations of The COVID Reinfection AIIMS Consortium Authors: Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Dua, Ahmad, Sathiyamoorthy, A. Sharma, Sakya); Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Dubey, A. K. Singh, Gohar); Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R.A Institute–Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Gaur, Chaudhary, Swetambri Sharma); Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. (Lokade, Mohammad); Department of Gastroenterology & Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. (Madan, Anvita Gupta, Virmani, Arti Gupta, Yadav, Sachdeva, Shilpi Sharma, S. Singh, Pandey, M. Singh, Jhurani); Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Shukla); Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Sarkar); Medical Device Monitoring Center, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Pandit); Academic Section, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Soni, Bhattacharyya, Rai, Tummala, I. Gupta).
Author Contributions: Drs Malhotra and Mani had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Malhotra and Mani are joint first authors.
Concept and design: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Mathur, Sankar, P. Kumar, A. Kumar, Ahuja, Sinha, Guleria, Ahmad.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Mathur, P. Gupta, Kedia, P. Kumar, Dua, Ahmad, Sathiyamoorthy, A. Sharma, Sakya, Gaur, Chaudhary, Swetambri Sharma, Madan, Anvita Gupta, Virmani, Arti Gupta, Yadav, Sachdeva, Shilpi Sharma, S. Singh, Pandey, M. Singh, Jhurani, Sarkar, Lokade, Mohammad, Pandit, Dubey, A. Singh, Gohar, Soni, Bhattacharyya, Rai, Tummala, I. Gupta, Shukla.
Drafting of the manuscript: Malhotra, Mani, Bakhshi, Mathur, P. Kumar, Ahuja, Sinha, Guleria, Dua, Ahmad, Sathiyamoorthy, A. Sharma, Sakya, Gaur, Chaudhary, Swetambri Sharma, Madan, Anvita Gupta, Virmani, Arti Gupta, Yadav, S. Singh, Pandey, M. Singh, Jhurani, Sarkar, Lokade, Mohammad, Pandit, Dubey, A. Singh, Gohar, Soni, Bhattacharyya, Rai, Tummala, I. Gupta, Shukla.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Mathur, P. Gupta, Kedia, Sankar, A. Kumar, Sinha, Guleria, Sachdeva, Shilpi Sharma.
Statistical analysis: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Sankar, Ahmad, Gaur, Soni.
Obtained funding: Malhotra, Mathur.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Mathur, P. Gupta, Sankar, P. Kumar, A. Kumar, Sinha, Guleria, Dua, Ahmad, Sathiyamoorthy, A. Sharma, Sakya, Gaur, Chaudhary, Swetambri Sharma, Madan, Anvita Gupta, Virmani, Arti Gupta, Yadav, Sachdeva, Shilpi Sharma, S. Singh, Pandey, M. Singh, Jhurani, Sarkar, Lokade, Mohammad, Pandit, Dubey, A. Singh, Gohar, Bhattacharyya, Rai, Tummala, I. Gupta, Shukla.
Supervision: Malhotra, Mani, Bakhshi, Mathur, Sankar, A. Kumar, Ahuja, Sinha, Guleria, Ahmad.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
2.World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Updated November 23, 2021. Accessed November 23, 2021.
http://covid19.who.int 3.Dhar
MS , Marwal
R , Radhakrishnan
VS ,
et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India.
Science. 2021;374(6570):995-999. doi:
10.1126/science.abj9932 4.Nguyen
LH , Drew
DA , Graham
MS ,
et al; Coronavirus Pandemic Epidemiology Consortium. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study.
Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(9):e475-e483. doi:
10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30164-XPubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 11.von Elm
E , Altman
DG , Egger
M , Pocock
SJ , Gøtzsche
PC , Vandenbroucke
JP ; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.
Lancet. 2007;370(9596):1453-1457. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-XPubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 17.Hall
VJ , Foulkes
S , Charlett
A ,
et al; SIREN Study Group. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negative health-care workers in England: a large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN).
Lancet. 2021;397(10283):1459-1469. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00675-9PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 18.Lumley
SF , O’Donnell
D , Stoesser
NE ,
et al; Oxford University Hospitals Staff Testing Group. Antibody status and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers.
N Engl J Med. 2021;384(6):533-540. doi:
10.1056/NEJMoa2034545PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 21.Hansen
CH , Michlmayr
D , Gubbels
SM , Mølbak
K , Ethelberg
S . Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study.
Lancet. 2021;397(10280):1204-1212. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00575-4PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 22.Krutikov
M , Palmer
T , Tut
G ,
et al. Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to baseline antibody status in staff and residents of 100 long-term care facilities (VIVALDI): a prospective cohort study.
Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;2(6):e362-e370. doi:
10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00093-3PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 23.Cavanaugh
AM , Spicer
KB , Thoroughman
D , Glick
C , Winter
K . Reduced risk of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 After COVID-19 vaccination—Kentucky, May-June 2021.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(32):1081-1083. doi:
10.15585/mmwr.mm7032e1PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 25.Desai D, Khan AR, Soneja M et al. Effectiveness of an inactivated virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152, in India: a test-negative, case-control study.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;S1473-3099(21)00674-5. doi:
10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00674-5 26.Ella
R , Reddy
S , Blackwelder
W ,
et al Efficacy, safety, and lot to lot immunogencity of an inactivated SARS CoV-2 vaccine (BBV152): a double-blind, randomized, controlled phase 3 trial.
MedRxiv. Preprint posted online July 02, 2021. 2021;2021.06.30.21259439. doi:
10.1101/2021.06.30.21259439Google Scholar 27.Yadav
PD , Sapkal
GN , Ella
R ,
et al Neutralization of Beta and Delta variant with sera of COVID-19 recovered cases and vaccinees of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BBV152/Covaxin.
J Travel Med. 2021:taab104. doi:
10.1093/jtm/taab104 28.Sapkal G, Yadav PD, Ella R, et al. Neutralization of VUI B.1.1.28 P2 variant with sera of COVID-19 recovered cases and recipients of Covaxin an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine.
J Travel Med. 2021;28(7):taab077. doi:
10.1093/jtm/taab077 29.Sapkal GN, Yadav PD, Ella R, et al. Inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BBV152/COVAXIN effectively neutralizes recently emerged B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2.
J Travel Med. 2021;28(4):taab051. doi:
10.1093/jtm/taab051 30.tamatatos L, Czartoski J, Wan YH, et al. mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Science. 2021; 25:eabg9175. doi:
10.1126/science.abg9175 31.Singh
AK , Phatak
SR , Singh
R ,
et al. Antibody response after first and second-dose of ChAdOx1-nCOV (Covishield) and BBV-152 (Covaxin) among health care workers in India: the final results of cross-sectional coronavirus vaccine-induced antibody titre (COVAT) study.
Vaccine. 2021;39(44):6492-6509. doi:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.055PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 33.Kant R, Dwivedi G, Zaman K, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine schedule: ChAdOx1 vaccine Covishield followed by BBV152 Covaxin.
J Travel Med. 2021:taab166. doi:
10.1093/jtm/taab166 36.Qureshi
AI , Baskett
WI , Huang
W , Lobanova
I , Naqvi
SH , Shyu
CR . Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in patients undergoing serial laboratory testing.
Clin Infect Dis. 2021:ciab345. doi:
10.1093/cid/ciab345