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SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Estimated Effectiveness of the Inactivated Whole Virion Vaccine BBV152 Against Reinfection Among Health Care Workers in New Delhi, India

Educational Objective
To identify the key insights or developments described in this article
1 Credit CME
Key Points

Question  What are the rate of reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 among a cohort of health care workers (HCWs) and the estimated effectiveness of the inactivated whole virion vaccine BBV152 against reinfection?

Findings  In this cohort study of 4978 HCWs who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 from March 3, 2020, to June 18, 2021, the incidence density of reinfection was 7.26 per 100 person-years. A protective association of 86% against reinfection was observed among HCWs who completed the 2-dose schedule of BBV152 and for whom at least 15 days elapsed without reinfection after vaccination.

Meaning  The results of this study suggest that complete vaccination with BBV152 among HCWs in India is crucial, including in persons previously infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract

Importance  A surge of COVID-19 occurred from March to June 2021, in New Delhi, India, linked to the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccines were rolled out for health care workers (HCWs) starting in January 2021.

Objective  To assess the incidence density of reinfection among a cohort of HCWs and estimate the effectiveness of the inactivated whole virion vaccine BBV152 against reinfection.

Design, Setting, and Participants  This was a retrospective cohort study among HCWs working at a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India.

Exposures  Vaccination with 0, 1, or 2 doses of BBV152.

Main Outcomes and Measures  The HCWs were categorized as fully vaccinated (with 2 doses and ≥15 days after the second dose), partially vaccinated (with 1 dose or 2 doses with <15 days after the second dose), or unvaccinated. The incidence density of COVID-19 reinfection per 100 person-years was computed, and events from March 3, 2020, to June 18, 2021, were included for analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Estimated vaccine effectiveness (1 − adjusted HR) was reported.

Results  Among 15 244 HCWs who participated in the study, 4978 (32.7%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. The mean (SD) age was 36.6 (10.3) years, and 55.0% were male. The reinfection incidence density was 7.26 (95% CI: 6.09-8.66) per 100 person-years (124 HCWs [2.5%], total person follow-up period of 1696 person-years as time at risk). Fully vaccinated HCWs had lower risk of reinfection (HR, 0.14 [95% CI, 0.08-0.23]), symptomatic reinfection (HR, 0.13 [95% CI, 0.07-0.24]), and asymptomatic reinfection (HR, 0.16 [95% CI, 0.05-0.53]) compared with unvaccinated HCWs. Accordingly, among the 3 vaccine categories, reinfection was observed in 60 of 472 (12.7%) of unvaccinated (incidence density, 18.05 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 14.02-23.25), 39 of 356 (11.0%) of partially vaccinated (incidence density 15.62 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 11.42-21.38), and 17 of 1089 (1.6%) fully vaccinated (incidence density 2.18 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 1.35-3.51) HCWs. The estimated effectiveness of BBV152 against reinfection was 86% (95% CI, 77%-92%); symptomatic reinfection, 87% (95% CI, 76%-93%); and asymptomatic reinfection, 84% (95% CI, 47%-95%) among fully vaccinated HCWs. Partial vaccination was not associated with reduced risk of reinfection.

Conclusions and Relevance  These findings suggest that BBV152 was associated with protection against both symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfection in HCWs after a complete vaccination schedule, when the predominant circulating variant was B.1.617.2.

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Article Information

Accepted for Publication: November 5, 2021.

Published: January 7, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.42210

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 Malhotra S et al. JAMA Network Open.

Corresponding Author: Randeep Guleria, DM, Director, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, Delhi-110029, India (director.aiims@gmail.com).

The COVID Reinfection AIIMS Consortium Authors: Aman Dua, MPH; Shafi Ahmad, MDS; Ramadass Sathiyamoorthy, MD; Ajay Sharma, BSc; Tabbu Sakya, MCA; Vikas Gaur, PhD; Shilpi Chaudhary, PhD; Swetambri Sharma, MSc; Divya Madan, MSc; Anvita Gupta, MSc; Shubi Virmani, MDS; Arti Gupta, MSc; Nidhi Yadav, MSc; Surbhi Sachdeva, MCom; Shilpi Sharma, BA; Sachin Singh, BSc; Abhimanyu Pandey, MPharma; Mukesh Singh, PhD; Divashree Jhurani, MSc; Swarnabha Sarkar, MSc; Amol Kumar Lokade, MDS; Atif Mohammad, MDS; Sabitri Pandit, BTech; Ritu Dubey, MA; Ajay Kumar Singh, MA; Naveen Gohar, BA; Divyansh Soni, MBBS; Arunangshu Bhattacharyya, MBBS; Sabin Rai, MBBS; Snikitha Tummala, MBBS; Ishan Gupta, MBBS; Sakshi Shukla, MSc.

Affiliations of The COVID Reinfection AIIMS Consortium Authors: Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Dua, Ahmad, Sathiyamoorthy, A. Sharma, Sakya); Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Dubey, A. K. Singh, Gohar); Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R.A Institute–Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Gaur, Chaudhary, Swetambri Sharma); Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. (Lokade, Mohammad); Department of Gastroenterology & Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. (Madan, Anvita Gupta, Virmani, Arti Gupta, Yadav, Sachdeva, Shilpi Sharma, S. Singh, Pandey, M. Singh, Jhurani); Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Shukla); Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Sarkar); Medical Device Monitoring Center, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Pandit); Academic Section, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Soni, Bhattacharyya, Rai, Tummala, I. Gupta).

Author Contributions: Drs Malhotra and Mani had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Malhotra and Mani are joint first authors.

Concept and design: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Mathur, Sankar, P. Kumar, A. Kumar, Ahuja, Sinha, Guleria, Ahmad.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Mathur, P. Gupta, Kedia, P. Kumar, Dua, Ahmad, Sathiyamoorthy, A. Sharma, Sakya, Gaur, Chaudhary, Swetambri Sharma, Madan, Anvita Gupta, Virmani, Arti Gupta, Yadav, Sachdeva, Shilpi Sharma, S. Singh, Pandey, M. Singh, Jhurani, Sarkar, Lokade, Mohammad, Pandit, Dubey, A. Singh, Gohar, Soni, Bhattacharyya, Rai, Tummala, I. Gupta, Shukla.

Drafting of the manuscript: Malhotra, Mani, Bakhshi, Mathur, P. Kumar, Ahuja, Sinha, Guleria, Dua, Ahmad, Sathiyamoorthy, A. Sharma, Sakya, Gaur, Chaudhary, Swetambri Sharma, Madan, Anvita Gupta, Virmani, Arti Gupta, Yadav, S. Singh, Pandey, M. Singh, Jhurani, Sarkar, Lokade, Mohammad, Pandit, Dubey, A. Singh, Gohar, Soni, Bhattacharyya, Rai, Tummala, I. Gupta, Shukla.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Mathur, P. Gupta, Kedia, Sankar, A. Kumar, Sinha, Guleria, Sachdeva, Shilpi Sharma.

Statistical analysis: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Sankar, Ahmad, Gaur, Soni.

Obtained funding: Malhotra, Mathur.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Malhotra, Mani, Lodha, Bakhshi, Mathur, P. Gupta, Sankar, P. Kumar, A. Kumar, Sinha, Guleria, Dua, Ahmad, Sathiyamoorthy, A. Sharma, Sakya, Gaur, Chaudhary, Swetambri Sharma, Madan, Anvita Gupta, Virmani, Arti Gupta, Yadav, Sachdeva, Shilpi Sharma, S. Singh, Pandey, M. Singh, Jhurani, Sarkar, Lokade, Mohammad, Pandit, Dubey, A. Singh, Gohar, Bhattacharyya, Rai, Tummala, I. Gupta, Shukla.

Supervision: Malhotra, Mani, Bakhshi, Mathur, Sankar, A. Kumar, Ahuja, Sinha, Guleria, Ahmad.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

AMA CME Accreditation Information

Credit Designation Statement: The American Medical Association designates this Journal-based CME activity activity for a maximum of 1.00  AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Successful completion of this CME activity, which includes participation in the evaluation component, enables the participant to earn up to:

  • 1.00 Medical Knowledge MOC points in the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program;;
  • 1.00 Self-Assessment points in the American Board of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery’s (ABOHNS) Continuing Certification program;
  • 1.00 MOC points in the American Board of Pediatrics’ (ABP) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program;
  • 1.00 Lifelong Learning points in the American Board of Pathology’s (ABPath) Continuing Certification program; and
  • 1.00 credit toward the CME of the American Board of Surgery’s Continuous Certification program

It is the CME activity provider's responsibility to submit participant completion information to ACCME for the purpose of granting MOC credit.

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