Corresponding Author: Erin E. Hahn, PhD, MPH, Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 100 S Los Robles Ave, Pasadena, CA 91101 (erin.e.hahn@kp.org).
Accepted for Publication: December 1, 2021.
Author Contributions: Dr Hahn had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Hahn, Pounds, Lyons, Shen, La Cava, Brasfield, Gould.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Hahn, Munoz-Plaza, Lyons, Lee, Shen, Hong, Brasfield, Durna, Kwan, Beard, Ferreira, Padmanabhan, Gould.
Drafting of the manuscript: Hahn, Munoz-Plaza, Pounds, Lyons, Lee, Shen, Brasfield.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Hahn, Munoz-Plaza, Lyons, Lee, Shen, Hong, La Cava, Brasfield, Durna, Kwan, Beard, Ferreira, Padmanabhan, Gould.
Statistical analysis: Hahn, Lee, Shen, Hong, Brasfield.
Obtained funding: Hahn, Lyons, Brasfield.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Pounds, Lyons, La Cava, Brasfield, Durna, Kwan, Beard.
Supervision: Hahn, Lyons, Shen, Brasfield, Ferreira, Gould.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This project was supported by grant 22OB-0029 from the Regents of the University of California, Research Grants Program Office, California Breast Cancer Research Program.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The opinions, findings, and conclusions herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Regents of the University of California or any of its programs.
Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 3.
Additional Contributions: We thank our Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) nursing teams and administrators for their support and involvement in the collection of study data and participation in study-related tasks including: Rosie Hong, MSN, RN, PHN; Raquel P. Valenzuela, MSN, RN; Keri Rosas; Olivia Robles, RN, BA, MSN, OCN; Elvia P. Cabrera, LCSW; Tyler Huynh, MPH; and Grace Coronado-King, LCSW, all affiliated with KPSC). No direct compensation was provided for their role on the study.
1.Dudgeon
D , King
S , Howell
D ,
et al. Cancer Care Ontario’s experience with implementation of routine physical and psychological symptom distress screening.
Psychooncology. 2012;21(4):357-364. doi:
10.1002/pon.1918
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 2.Adler
N , Page
A . Cancer Care for the Whole Patient: Meeting Psychosocial Health Needs. National Academies Press; 2008.
3.Ehlers
SL , Davis
K , Bluethmann
SM ,
et al. Screening for psychosocial distress among patients with cancer: implications for clinical practice, healthcare policy, and dissemination to enhance cancer survivorship.
Transl Behav Med. 2019;9(2):282-291. doi:
10.1093/tbm/iby123
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 4.Suppli
NP , Johansen
C , Christensen
J , Kessing
LV , Kroman
N , Dalton
SO . Increased risk for depression after breast cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study of associated factors in Denmark, 1998-2011.
J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(34):3831-3839. doi:
10.1200/JCO.2013.54.0419
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 5.Pilevarzadeh
M , Amirshahi
M , Afsargharehbagh
R , Rafiemanesh
H , Hashemi
SM , Balouchi
A . Global prevalence of depression among breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019;176(3):519-533. doi:
10.1007/s10549-019-05271-3
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 6.Andersen
BL , DeRubeis
RJ , Berman
BS ,
et al; American Society of Clinical Oncology. Screening, assessment, and care of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: an American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline adaptation.
J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(15):1605-1619. doi:
10.1200/JCO.2013.52.4611
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 10.Mitchell
AJ , Lord
K , Slattery
J , Grainger
L , Symonds
P . How feasible is implementation of distress screening by cancer clinicians in routine clinical care?
Cancer. 2012;118(24):6260-6269. doi:
10.1002/cncr.27648
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 11.McCarter
K , Britton
B , Baker
AL ,
et al. Interventions to improve screening and appropriate referral of patients with cancer for psychosocial distress: systematic review.
BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):e017959. doi:
10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017959
PubMedGoogle Scholar 13.Jacobsen
PB , Norton
WE . The role of implementation science in improving distress assessment and management in oncology: a commentary on “screening for psychosocial distress among patients with cancer: implications for clinical practice, healthcare policy, and dissemination to enhance cancer survivorship”.
Transl Behav Med. 2019;9(2):292-295. doi:
10.1093/tbm/ibz022
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 14.Lazenby
M , Ercolano
E , Grant
M , Holland
JC , Jacobsen
PB , McCorkle
R . Supporting commission on cancer-mandated psychosocial distress screening with implementation strategies.
J Oncol Pract. 2015;11(3):e413-e420. doi:
10.1200/JOP.2014.002816
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 15.McCarter
K , Fradgley
EA , Britton
B , Tait
J , Paul
C . Not seeing the forest for the trees: a systematic review of comprehensive distress management programs and implementation strategies.
Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2020;14(3):220-231. doi:
10.1097/SPC.0000000000000513
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 16.Smith
SK , Loscalzo
M , Mayer
C , Rosenstein
DL . Best practices in oncology distress management: beyond the screen.
Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2018;38:813-821. doi:
10.1200/EDBK_201307
PubMedGoogle Scholar 17.Koebnick
C , Langer-Gould
AM , Gould
MK ,
et al. Sociodemographic characteristics of members of a large, integrated health care system: comparison with US Census Bureau data.
Perm J. 2012;16(3):37-41. doi:
10.7812/TPP/12-031
PubMedGoogle Scholar 18.Curran
GM , Bauer
M , Mittman
B , Pyne
JM , Stetler
C . Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs: combining elements of clinical effectiveness and implementation research to enhance public health impact.
Med Care. 2012;50(3):217-226. doi:
10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182408812
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 19.Damschroder
LJ , Aron
DC , Keith
RE , Kirsh
SR , Alexander
JA , Lowery
JC . Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science.
Implement Sci. 2009;4:50. doi:
10.1186/1748-5908-4-50
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 21.Powell
BJWT , Waltz
TJ , Chinman
MJ ,
et al. A refined compilation of implementation strategies: results from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project.
Implement Sci. 2015;10(21):21. doi:
10.1186/s13012-015-0209-1
PubMedGoogle Scholar 24.Pirl
WF , Fann
JR , Greer
JA ,
et al. Recommendations for the implementation of distress screening programs in cancer centers: report from the American Psychosocial Oncology Society (APOS), Association of Oncology Social Work (AOSW), and Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) joint task force.
Cancer. 2014;120(19):2946-2954. doi:
10.1002/cncr.28750
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 26.Ivers
NM , Grimshaw
JM , Jamtvedt
G ,
et al. Growing literature, stagnant science? systematic review, meta-regression and cumulative analysis of audit and feedback interventions in health care.
J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(11):1534-1541. doi:
10.1007/s11606-014-2913-y
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 28.Smith
AB , Rush
R , Wright
P , Stark
D , Velikova
G , Sharpe
M . Validation of an item bank for detecting and assessing psychological distress in cancer patients.
Psychooncology. 2009;18(2):195-199. doi:
10.1002/pon.1423
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 31.Hintze
J .
PASS 13: Power Analysis and Sample Size. NCSS Statistical Software; 2014. Accessed April 9, 2021.
http://www.ncss.com 33.Fradgley
EA , Byrnes
E , McCarter
K ,
et al. A cross-sectional audit of current practices and areas for improvement of distress screening and management in Australian cancer services: is there a will and a way to improve?
Support Care Cancer. 2020;28(1):249-259. doi:
10.1007/s00520-019-04801-5
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 39.O’Connor
E RR , Henninger
M , Groom
HC , Burda
BU , Henderson
JT , Bigler
KD , Whitlock
EP . Screening for depression in adults: an updated systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2016. Vol Evidence Synthesis No. 128. AHRQ Publication No. 14-05208-EF-1.