Corresponding Author: Kanu Okike, MD, MPH, Hawaii Permanente Medical Group, 3288 Moanalua Rd, Honolulu, HI 96821 (okike@post.harvard.edu).
Accepted for Publication: December 14, 2021.
Published Online: December 30, 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.23761
Author Contributions: Dr Okike and Ms Chan had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Okike, Chan, Khatod, Paxton, Prentice.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Okike, Chan, Navarro, Paxton, Prentice.
Drafting of the manuscript: Okike, Chan, Navarro, Paxton.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.
Statistical analysis: Chan, Prentice.
Obtained funding: Paxton.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Okike, Navarro, Paxton.
Supervision: Navarro, Paxton, Prentice.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Additional Contributions: We thank Kathryn Royse, PhD (Surgical Outcomes and Analysis Department, Kaiser Permanente), Christopher Grimsrud, MD (the Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente), and the Kaiser Permanente Surgical Outcomes and Analysis Department staff for their assistance with this study. No compensation was received for this assistance.
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