Accepted for Publication: November 19, 2021.
Published Online: January 19, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.6436
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 Nachega JB et al. JAMA Pediatrics.
Corresponding Author: Jean B. Nachega, MD, PhD, MPH, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto St, Crabtree Hall A531, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 (jbn16@pitt.edu).
Author Contributions: Drs Nachega and Machekano had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Nachega and Sam-Agudu are joint first authors.
Concept and design: Nachega, Sam-Agudu, Machekano, Rabie, Van der Zalm, Redfern, Gachuno, Ishoso, Zumla, Suleman, Tshilolo, L. Umar, Adejumo, Mofenson.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Nachega, Sam-Agudu, Machekano, Van der Zalm, Redfern, Dramowski, O'Connell, Tshiasuma Pipo, Tshilanda, Byamungu, Masekela, Jeena, Pillay, Gachuno, Kinuthia, Amoako, Agyare, Agbeno, Martyn-Dickens, Sylverken, Enimil, Jibril, Abdullahi, Amadi, U. Umar, Sigwadhi, Hermans, Otshudiema Otokoye, Mbala-Kingebeni, Zumla, Aanyu, Musoke, Noormahomed, Fowler, Kruger, Smith, Rosenthal, Mills, L. Umar, Mellors, Sewankambo, Siedner, Deckelbaum, Muyembe-Tamfun, Mofenson.
Drafting of the manuscript: Nachega, Sam-Agudu, Machekano, Redfern, Tshilanda, Masekela, Pillay, Gachuno, Ishoso, Sylverken, Jibril, U. Umar, Hermans, Zumla, Noormahomed, Tshilolo, Mills, Deckelbaum.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Nachega, Sam-Agudu, Machekano, Rabie, Van der Zalm, Redfern, Dramowski, O'Connell, Tshiasuma Pipo, Byamungu, Masekela, Jeena, Gachuno, Kinuthia, Amoako, Agyare, Agbeno, Martyn-Dickens, Enimil, Abdullahi, Amadi, Sigwadhi, Hermans, Otshudiema Otokoye, Mbala-Kingebeni, Zumla, Aanyu, Musoke, Suleman, Fowler, Tshilolo, Kruger, Smith, Rosenthal, L. Umar, Mellors, Adejumo, Sewankambo, Siedner, Deckelbaum, Muyembe-Tamfun, Mofenson.
Statistical analysis: Nachega, Sam-Agudu, Machekano, Masekela, Gachuno, U. Umar, Sigwadhi, Smith, Mills, Sewankambo, Siedner.
Obtained funding: Nachega, Tshilanda, Masekela, Adejumo.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Nachega, Sam-Agudu, Rabie, Tshiasuma Pipo, Byamungu, Masekela, Jeena, Pillay, Gachuno, Kinuthia, Ishoso, Amoako, Agyare, Agbeno, Martyn-Dickens, Enimil, Jibril, Abdullahi, Amadi, U. Umar, Otshudiema Otokoye, Mbala-Kingebeni, Aanyu, Suleman, Noormahomed, Fowler, L. Umar.
Supervision: Nachega, Sam-Agudu, Dramowski, Tshilanda, Masekela, Jeena, Gachuno, Ishoso, Sylverken, Abdullahi, Amadi, Otshudiema Otokoye, Zumla, Aanyu, Musoke, Kruger, Rosenthal, Mills, L. Umar, Muyembe-Tamfun.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Nachega reported receiving grants from the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the conduct of the study. Dr Sam-Agudu reported receiving grants from the African Forum for Research and Education in Health (AFREhealth) during the conduct of the study. Dr Rabie reported receiving grants from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr Byamungu reported receiving grants from the Fogarty International Center at the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Amoako reported receiving personal fees from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr Agbeno reported receiving personal fees from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr Martyn-Dickens reported receiving grants from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr Enimil reported receiving personal fees from Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital during the conduct of the study. Dr Jibril reported receiving personal fees from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr Abdullahi reported receiving personal fees from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr Amadi reported receiving grants from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr U. Umar reported receiving grants from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr Aanyu reported receiving grants from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr Musoke reported receiving grants from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study. Dr L. Umar reported receiving grants from AFREhealth during the conduct of the study and grants from the Fogarty International Center at the NIH (directed to AFREhealth via the Makerere University Infectious Disease Institute) outside the submitted work. Dr Mellors reported receiving grants from Gilead Sciences (via the University of Pittsburgh), Janssen Pharmaceuticals (via the University of Pittsburgh), the NIH (via the University of Pittsburgh), and the US Agency for International Development (via the University of Pittsburgh); personal fees from Accelevir Diagnostics, Gilead Sciences, Merck & Co, the University of Pittsburgh, and Yufan Biotechnologies; owning shares in Abound Bio, Cocrystal Pharma, and Infectious Disease Connect; and serving as president and chief executive officer of Abound Bio, a scientific advisory board member of Gilead Sciences, and an advisor for Infectious Disease Connect outside the submitted work. Dr Muyembe-Tamfum reported receiving grants from the National Institute of Biomedical Research, Democratic Republic of the Congo during the conduct of the study and outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by grant 1R25TW011217-01 from the Fogarty International Center at the NIH (Drs Nachega, Sewankambo, Suleman, and Adejumo).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding organization had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Group Information: A complete list of the members of the AFREhealth COVID-19 Research Collaboration on Children and Adolescents appears in Supplement 2.
Additional Contributions: Rodney Ehrlich, MBChB, PhD, of the University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine; Andre P. Kengne, MD, PhD, of the Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council; John L. Johnson, MD, of Case Western Reserve University; and Peter Kilmarx, MD, of the National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center provided critical review and helpful advice on this manuscript. Chibueze Adirieje, MPH, of the Central and West Africa Implementation Science Alliance and the International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, provided assistance with data analysis of facilities survey descriptive data. None of the nonauthor contributors received compensation for their assistance. We remember our colleague. Birhanu Ayele PhD, of Stellenbosch University, who died in January 2021 after making foundational contributions to the data analysis for this study. We also thank all members of the AFREhealth COVID-19 Research Collaboration Working Group and appreciate the continued support of Ireneous N. Dasoberi, MPhil, Clara Sam-Woode, MPhil, and Georgina Yeboah, MBA, of the AFREhealth Executive Secretariat in Kumasi, Ghana.
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