Accepted for Publication: January 28, 2022.
Published Online: February 25, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0245
Corresponding Author: Christiane S. Eberhardt, MD (christiane.eberhardt@unige.ch), and Arnaud M. Didierlaurent, PhD (arnaud.didierlaurent@unige.ch), Centre Médical Universitaire, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
Author Contributions: Drs Didierlaurent and Eberhardt had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Madelon and Heikkilä contributed equally to the manuscript.
Study concept and design: Madelon, Heikkilä, Sette, Siegrist, Lalive, Didierlaurent, Eberhardt.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Madelon, Heikkilä, Sabater Royo, Fontannaz, Breville, Lauper, Goldstein, Grifoni, Siegrist, Finckh, Lalive, Didierlaurent, Eberhardt.
Drafting of the manuscript: Madelon, Heikkilä, Breville, Lauper, Goldstein, Finckh, Didierlaurent, Eberhardt.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Madelon, Heikkilä, Sabater Royo, Fontannaz, Lauper, Grifoni, Sette, Siegrist, Finckh, Lalive, Didierlaurent.
Statistical analysis: Madelon, Heikkilä, Breville, Eberhardt.
Obtained funding: Siegrist, Finckh, Didierlaurent, Eberhardt.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Sabater Royo, Fontannaz, Breville, Lauper, Goldstein, Grifoni, Sette, Siegrist, Lalive.
Study supervision: Madelon, Siegrist, Lalive, Didierlaurent, Eberhardt.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Lauper has received personal fees from Pfizer, Celltrion, and Viatris outside the submitted work. Dr Sette is a consultant for Gritstone Bio, Flow Pharma, Arcturus Therapeutics, ImmunoScape, CellCarta, Avalia, Moderna, Fortress, and Repertoire. Dr Didierlaurent has received personal fees from Speranza; personal fees from Roche paid to his institution; and is chairman for the World Health Organization Technical Advisory Group on Emergency Use Listing of COVID-19 vaccines (no personal fees). The La Jolla Institute for Immunology has filed for patent protection for various aspects of T-cell epitope and vaccine design work. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This work was supported by the HUG Private Foundation (Drs Eberhardt, Siegrist, and Didierlaurent) and by the Giorgi-Cavaglieri Foundation (Dr Didierlaurent). This work was additionally funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under contracts 75N93021C00016 and 75N9301900065 (Dr Sette).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: We thank Sandra Fernandes Oliveira, Olivia Studer, Sandrine Bastard, and colleagues at the Clinical Research Center, University Hospital of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, for their involvement in patient recruitment and sample collection; Chantal Tougne, Yves Donati, MSc, Wafae Adouan, and Sophie Coudurier for their contributions to processing the clinical samples and support in experimental work; and Myriam Ventura-Lehnis for her administrative support. None of these contributors were compensated for their work. We thank the team from the flow cytometry core facility for their technical support. We thank all colleagues who have provided support to participant recruitment, sample collection, and experimental work. We are grateful to all volunteers for their participation in the study.