Accepted for Publication: December 7, 2021.
Published Online: April 25, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.0515
Corresponding Authors: Marie-Laure Charpignon, MSc, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 50 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142 (mcharpig@mit.edu); Maimuna Shahnaz Majumder, PhD, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (maimuna.majumder@childrens.harvard.edu).
Author Contributions: Ms Charpignon and Mr Ontiveros had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Ms Charpignon and Mr Ontiveros contributed equally to the manuscript. Drs Mandl and Majumder are senior authors.
Concept and design: Charpignon, Sundaresan, Puri, Mandl, Majumder.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Charpignon, Ontiveros, Sundaresan, Puri, Chandra, Majumder.
Drafting of the manuscript: All authors.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Charpignon, Ontiveros, Sundaresan, Puri, Chandra, Majumder.
Statistical analysis: Charpignon, Ontiveros, Sundaresan, Puri, Chandra.
Obtained funding: Majumder.
Supervision: Mandl, Majumder.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by National Institutes of Health award T32HD040128 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences award KL2 TR002542 from the Harvard Catalyst of The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Information: Representatives from the state departments of public health from which we obtained data directly via data use agreements reviewed the data analysis and validated the results of this study. We are bound by our data use agreements with the vital statistics division at each individual state department of health.