Accepted for Publication: April 27, 2022.
Published Online: May 20, 2022. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.8045
Corresponding Author: Jeremy Samuel Faust, MD, MS, 10 Vining St, Boston, MA 02115 (jsfaust@gmail.com).
Author Contributions: Dr Faust had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Faust, Du, Krumholz.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: Faust, Mayes, Panthagani.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Faust, Du, Liang, Renton, Krumholz.
Statistical analysis: Faust, Du, Liang, Renton.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Faust, Mayes, Panthagani.
Supervision: Faust.
Data visualization: Panthagani.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Krumholz reported receiving consulting fees from UnitedHealth, Element Science, Aetna, Reality Labs, F-Prime, and Tesseract/4Catalyst; serving as an expert witness for Martin/Baughman law firm, Arnold and Porter law firm, and Siegfried and Jensen law firm; being a cofounder of Hugo Health, a personal health information platform; being a cofounder of Refactor Health, an enterprise health care, artificial intelligence–augmented data management company; receiving contracts from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services through Yale New Haven Hospital to develop and maintain performance measures that are publicly reported; and receiving grants from Johnson & Johnson outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Additional Contributions: We thank the Registry of Vital Records and Statistics, Office of Population Health, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, for assistance with data acquisition; and Zhenqiu Lin, PhD (Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital), for statistical support without compensation.