Accepted for Publication: April 21, 2022.
Published: June 27, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.18794
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 Kubale J et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Aubree Gordon, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (gordonal@umich.edu).
Author Contributions: Drs Kubale and Gordon had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Kubale and Balmaseda contributed equally to this work.
Concept and design: Kubale, Harris, Kuan, Gordon.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Kubale, Balmaseda, Frutos, Sanchez, Plazaola, Ojeda, Saborio, Lopez, Barilla, Vasquez, Moreira, Gajewski, Campredon, Maier, Chowdhury, Cerpas, Gordon.
Drafting of the manuscript: Kubale, Kuan, Gordon.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Kubale, Balmaseda, Frutos, Sanchez, Plazaola, Ojeda, Saborio, Lopez, Barilla, Vasquez, Moreira, Gajewski, Campredon, Maier, Chowdhury, Cerpas, Harris, Gordon.
Statistical analysis: Kubale, Frutos.
Obtained funding: Gordon.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Kubale, Balmaseda, Sanchez, Plazaola, Ojeda, Saborio, Lopez, Barilla, Vasquez, Moreira, Gajewski, Campredon, Maier, Chowdhury, Cerpas, Harris, Kuan, Gordon.
Supervision: Balmaseda, Sanchez, Plazaola, Ojeda, Lopez, Barilla, Vasquez, Cerpas, Gordon.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Gordon reported serving on a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine scientific advisory board for Janssen Pharmaceuticals and a COVID-19 scientific advisory board for Gilead Sciences outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: The design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation of the manuscript were supported by grant U01 AI144616 and contract HHSN272201400006C from the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health and a grant from Open Philanthropy (Dr Gordon).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: Leo Poon, MPhil, DPhil (HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, and Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China), provided the protocol and controls for reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction testing. Florian Krammer, PhD (Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, and Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York), shared the receptor-binding domain and Spike constructs and provided technical advice. Janet Smith, PhD, Melanie Ohi, PhD, and their groups at the Center of Structural Biology at the University of Michigan Life Sciences Institute produced the proteins and antibodies for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We thank the study participants and their families, the amazing study staff, and the people of Nicaragua, without whom none of this would be possible.
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