Accepted for Publication: April 23, 2022.
Published Online: June 27, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2141
Corresponding Authors: Shiuh-Wen Luoh, MD, PhD, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239 (shiuh-wen.luoh@va.gov; luohs@ohsu.edu); Sudha K. Iyengar, PhD, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, 1315 WRB, 1315 Wolstein Research Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106 (ski@case.edu).
Author Contributions: Drs Verma, Gao, Iyengar, and Luoh had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Verma, Huffman, and Gao contributed equally to this work. Drs Iyengar and Luoh jointly supervised this work.
Concept and design: Verma, Minnier, Cho, Garcon, Joseph, McGeary, Suzuki, J. Lynch, Meigs, Natarajan, Bonomo, Thompson, Zhou, Chang, Tsao, Sun, Hung, O’Donnell, Gaziano, Iyengar, Luoh.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Verma, Huffman, Gao, Minnier, Wu, Ho, Goman, Pyarajan, Rajeevan, McGeary, Reaven, Wan, J. Lynch, Petersen, Freiberg, Gatsby, K. Lynch, Zekavat, Dalal, Jhala, Arjomandi, Pathak, Zhou, Donskey, Madduri, Wells, Gelernter, Huang, Polimanti, Liao, Tsao, Sun, Wilson, Gaziano, Hauger, Iyengar, Luoh.
Drafting of the manuscript: Verma, Minnier, Garcon, Wan, Arjomandi, Bonomo, Zhou, Madduri, Chang, Liao, Hauger, Iyengar, Luoh.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Verma, Huffman, Gao, Minnier, Wu, Cho, Ho, Goman, Pyarajan, Rajeevan, Joseph, McGeary, Suzuki, Reaven, Wan, J. Lynch, Petersen, Meigs, Freiberg, Gatsby, K. Lynch, Zekavat, Natarajan, Dalal, Jhala, Thompson, Pathak, Donskey, Wells, Gelernter, Huang, Polimanti, Chang, Liao, Tsao, Sun, Wilson, Hung, O’Donnell, Gaziano, Hauger, Iyengar, Luoh.
Statistical analysis: Verma, Gao, Minnier, Rajeevan, Zekavat, Pathak, Zhou, Polimanti, Iyengar, Luoh.
Obtained funding: J. Lynch, Chang, Tsao, O’Donnell, Gaziano, Iyengar, Luoh.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Wu, Cho, Ho, Goman, Wan, J. Lynch, Gatsby, Bonomo, Thompson, Madduri, Chang, Liao, Tsao, Sun, Wilson, O’Donnell, Gaziano, Luoh.
Supervision: Cho, Pyarajan, Meigs, Natarajan, Iyengar, Luoh.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Suzuki reports other (consulting) from Pfizer unrelated to COVID-19 outside the submitted work. Dr Lynch reports grants from Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc outside the submitted work. Dr Natarajan reports grant support from Amgen, Apple, AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific, and Novartis; personal fees from Apple, AstraZeneca, Blackstone Life Sciences, Foresite Labs, Genentech/Roche, Novartis, and TenSixteen Bio; holding equity in TenSixteen Bio and Genexwell; and spousal employment at Vertex; all outside the submitted work. Dr Arjomandi reports salary support from US Department of Veterans Affairs during the conduct of the study; and grants from the Departments of Defense (W81XWH-20-1-0158) and Veterans Affairs (CXV-00125), the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (012500WG and CIA190001), and the California Tobacco-related Disease Research Program (T29IR0715) during the conduct of the study; and received research support from Guardant Health and Genentech. Mr Thompson reports grants from Vanderbilt University Medical Center Vanderbilt Medical Scholar during the conduct of the study. Dr O’Donnell is an employee of Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research. Dr Hung reports grants from Veterans Health Administration (CSR&D MVP Merit 5I01CX001897 Genetics of CKD and Hypertension—Risk Prediction and Drug Response in the MVP) and grants from MVP COVID-19 Science Program (MVP035) during the conduct of the study; and grants from Vertex to Vanderbilt University Medical Center outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This research is based on data from the Million Veteran Program, Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, and was supported by the MVP035 award and VA Grant BX 004831 (Drs Wilson and Cho).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Group Information: A complete list of investigators and staff in the VA Million Veteran Program COVID-19 Science Initiative is provided in Supplement 3.
Disclaimer: This publication does not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs of the US government.
Additional Contributions: We are grateful to our veterans for their contribution to MVP. Full acknowledgments for the VA Million Veteran Program COVID-19 Science Initiative can be found in the eAppendix in Supplement 1.
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