Corresponding Author: Carrie D. Patnode, PhD, MPH, Kaiser Permanente Evidence-based Practice Center, The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, 3800 N Interstate Ave, Portland, OR 97227 (Carrie.D.Patnode@kpchr.org).
Accepted for Publication: April 19, 2022.
Author Contributions: Dr Patnode had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Patnode.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: Patnode, Iacocca.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Patnode, Redmond, Henninger.
Statistical analysis: Patnode, Redmond.
Obtained funding: Patnode.
Administrative, technical, or material support: All authors.
Supervision: Patnode.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This research was funded under contract HHSA 290201500007I-EPC5, Task Order 9, from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), US Department of Health and Human Services, under a contract to support the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: Investigators worked with USPSTF members and AHRQ staff to develop the scope, analytic framework, and key questions for this review. AHRQ had no role in study selection, quality assessment, or synthesis. AHRQ staff provided project oversight, reviewed the report to ensure that the analysis met methodological standards, and distributed the draft for peer review. Otherwise, AHRQ had no role in the conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript findings. The opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not reflect the official position of AHRQ or the US Department of Health and Human Services.
Additional Contributions: We gratefully acknowledge the following individuals for their contributions to this project: Justin A. Mills, MD, MPH (AHRQ); current and former members of the USPSTF who contributed to topic deliberations; and Evidence-based Practice Center staff members Melinda Davies, MA, and Jill Pope for technical and editorial assistance at the Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research. USPSTF members, peer reviewers, and federal partner reviewers did not receive financial compensation for their contributions.
Additional Information: A draft version of this evidence report underwent external peer review from 4 content experts (Tess Harris, MD [St George’s University of London]; Penny Kris-Etherton, PhD, RD [Penn State University]; Karen Goldstein, MD [Duke University]; and Jill Huber, MD [Mayo Clinic]) and 4 federal partners (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Office of Research on Women’s Health; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and National Institute of Nursing Research). Comments were presented to the USPSTF during its deliberation of the evidence and were considered in preparing the final evidence review.
Editorial Disclaimer: This evidence report is presented as a document in support of the accompanying USPSTF recommendation statement. It did not undergo additional peer review after submission to JAMA.
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