Original Investigation
Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Tanayott Thaweethai, PhD; Sarah E. Jolley, MD, MS; Elizabeth W. Karlson, MD, MS; Emily B. Levitan, ScD; Bruce Levy, MD; Grace A. McComsey, MD; Lisa McCorkell, MPP; Girish N. Nadkarni, MD, MPH; Sairam Parthasarathy, MD; Upinder Singh, MD; Tiffany A. Walker, MD; Caitlin A. Selvaggi, MS; Daniel J. Shinnick, MS; Carolin C. M. Schulte, PhD; Rachel Atchley-Challenner, PhD; Leora I. Horwitz, MD; Andrea S. Foulkes, ScD; RECOVER Consortium Authors; RECOVER Consortium; Judith A. Aberg; Natalie L. Adolphi; Shreya Ahirwar; Shifa Ahmed; Neera Ahuja; Masanori Aikawa; Almary Akerlundh; Teresa T. Akintonwa; Aseel Al-Jadiri; Natalya Alekhina; Heather A. Algren; Akram N. Alshawabkeh; Nariman Ammar; Adit Anand; Brett R. Anderson; Lisa Aponte-Soto; Judy L. Aschner; Mary M. Atha; Andrew M. Atz; Robin L. Aupperle; Mirna Ayache; Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner; L. C. Bailey; Fiona C. Baker; Venkataraman Balaraman; Jennifer A. Bandy; Dithi Banerjee; Deanna M. Barch; James M. Bardes; Jackson Barlocker; R. G. Barr; Arielle Baskin-Sommers; Sanjib Basu; Tracy A. Battaglia; Leah Baucom; Carmen J. Beamon; Casey L. Beaty; Noam D. Beckmann; Jasmine A. Berry; Nahid Bhadelia; Daksh Bhargava; Sultana Bhuiyan; Jiang Bian; Christian Bime; James M. Bjork; Lora J. Black; Catherine A. Blish; Jason P. Block; Amanda Bogie; Dawn Bolliger; William Bonaventura; Seuli Bose-Brill; Mary B. Bower; Andrew D. Boyd; Jerusha Boyineni; Steven B. Bradfute; Carolyn T. Bramante; M. D. Brannock; J. D. Bremner; Shari B. Brosnahan; Natalie C. Buchbinder; Elliott Bueler; Irina A. Buhimschi; Hulya Bukulmez; H. T. Bunnell; John B. Buse; Elizabeth A. Calhoun; Tingyi Cao; Michael D. Carrithers; Thomas W. Carton; Abigail Case; B.J. Casey; Faye Victoria C. Casimero; Lauren Castro; Teresa Cato; Patricia Ceger; Connie L. Cerullo; Linda Chang; Arunee A. Chang; Praneeth Chebrolu; Yong Chen; Li Qing Chen; Benjamin K. Chen; David Chestek; Robert F. Chew; Deena J. Chisolm; Dominic C. Chow; Maryanne R. Chrisant; Dimitri A. Christakis; Christopher G. Chute; Mine S. Cicek; Cheryl R. Clark; Duncan B. Clark; Geoffrey D. Clarke; Katharine N. Clouser; Thomas J. Connors; Judith A. Cook; Krista Coombs; Carlos Cordon-Cardo; Julie L. Costello; Lesley Cottrell; Kelly Cowan; Lindsay G. Cowell; Savannah Cranford; Jamie Cronin; Mollie R. Cummins; Hannah L. Curry; Viren D'Sa; Sean G. Dabney; Casey L. Daniel; Mirella Dapretto; Dawood Darbar; Paul M. Darden; Raktima Dasgupta; Soham Dasgupta; Felicia Davis Blakley; Katherine Dea; Sara J. Deakyne Davies; Lauren A. Decker; Ralph A. DeFronzo; Walter Dehority; Amelia N. Deitchman; James del Alcazar; Phoebe Del Boccio; Carlos del Rio; Marina Del Rios; Julie A. DeLisa; Sean C. Deoni; Maya Z. Diaz; John D. Dickinson; Audrey Dionne; Kathleen R. Diviak; Sarah E. Donohue; Michael J. Downey; Allen J. Dozor; Benard P. Dreyer; Kirsten B. Dummer; Matthew S. Durstenfeld; Mark S. Dworkin; Sherrie L. Edmonds; Matthew D. Elias; Jamie Elifritz; Evan Ellingworth; Amy J. Elliott; Angela M. Ellison; Mike L. Enger; Joaquin M. Espinosa; Shari Esquenazi-Karonika; Michael D. Evans; Danielle N. Evans; Julio C. Facelli; Camila S. Fang; E. Vincent S. Faustino; Maria E. Fayad Lara; Candace H. Feldman; Alexander G. Fiks; Rebecca Fineman; Aloke V. Finn; Melinda S. Fischer; Megan L. Fitzgerald; Valerie J. Flaherman; Thomas J. Flotte; Daniel Forsha; Meghan R. Fortune; John J. Foxe; Nicole Franks; Michael B. Freedman; Catherine E. Freeland; Naomi P. Friedman; Greta Fry; Margot Gage Witvliet; Emily J. Gallagher; Richard Gallagher; Hugh Garavan; Sunanda M. Gaur; Dylan G. Gee; Maria Laura Gennaro; Lynn B. Gerald; Saikat B. Ghosh; Joseph T. Giacino; Andrew T. Girvin; Stephanie L. Godfrey; Mark P. Goldberg; Steven N. Goodman; Howard S. Gordon; Ramkiran Gouripeddi; Paige Graham; Joey P. Granger; Kevin M. Gray; Tina Greimes; Rachel S. Gross; Nicholas Guthe; Evan Gutter; Stephanie Haasnoot; Emily C. Hadley; Melissa A. Haendel; Stephanie Hafner; Katia C. Halabi; Patrick C. Hanley; Ashraf S. Harahsheh; Michelle S. Harkins; Kimberly L. Hartwig; Keren Hasbani; Sharon Hasek; Kristine S. Hauser; Andrew C. Heath; Camden L. Hebson; Mary M. Heitzeg; Monica Hendrickson; Timothy J. Henrich; Alfonso C. Hernandez-Romieu; Christina M. Hester; Miranda Higginbotham; Sophia Hill; Kathryn Hirabayashi; On Ho; Laura Hobart-Porter; M. C. Hoffman; Maryann Holtcamp; Travis K. Hong; Benjamin D. Horne; Carol R. Horowitz; Daniel S. Hsia; Harvey Hsu; Priscilla Y. Hsue; Matthew Huentelman; Bryan E. Huerta; Jared D. Huling; Kathy Hummel; William G. Iacono; Alejandra L. Ibanez; Carmel Ibeawuchi; Katherine Irby; Nahed Ismail; Joanna Jacobus; Vanessa L. Jacoby; Leonard A. Jason; Vidhi Javia; Kyle J. Jennette; Terry L. Jernigan; Sihang Jiang; Naimin Jing; Jace D. Johnny; Nadia Johnson; Brandi Johnson; Brandon Johnson; Pei-Ni Jone; Suzanne E. Judd; Joy J. Juskowich; Edmond K. Kabagambe; David C. Kaelber; Diane G. Kanjilal; Mayank M. Kansal; Tyler J. Kasmarcak; Daniel Kaufman; Rika Kawakami; Dean L. Kellogg; Denise A. Kent; Deepshikha Kewlani; Dhruv Khullar; Keri S. Kim; Arthur Y. Kim; Patricia A. Kinser; Lawrence C. Kleinman; Elizabeth B. Klerman; Matthew J. Kluko; Stacey Knight; Misaki Kobayashi; Karla J. Kopp; Michael Koropsak; Jessica S. Kosut; Ellen Kraig; Amanda Krausert; Ana C. Krieger; Hema Krishna; Aparna Krishnamoorthy; Sankaran S. Krishnan; James P. Lahs; Angela R. Laird; Victoria Laleau; Michelle F. Lamendola-Essel; Jeremy Landeo-Gutierrez; Sean M. Lang; Christine L. Larson; James P. Lash; Jessica Lasky-Su; Gregory Laynor; Simon Lee; Grace M. Lee; F. E. Lee; Matthew A. Lee; Peter J. Leese; R. C. Lefebvre; Angelica J. Levreault; Kennedy C. Lewis; Lu Li; Peter Paul C. Lim; Janet Y. Lin; Krista M. Lisdahl; Matthew B. Litvack; Xiaokang Liu; Jennifer Lloyd; Jennifer K. Logue; Johanna J. Loomba; Vitaly Lorman; Yiwen Lu; Katelyn R. Ludwig; Allison M. Lutz; Jeri Mack; Abeer M. Mahmoud; Cheryl L. Maier; Shahdi K. Malakooti; Sergey Malchenko; Gail L. Mallett; Gabrielle Maranga; Megan W. Martel; Susanne P. Martin-Herz; Maria Martinez-Lage; Christine Maughan; Cammeo Mauntel-Medici; Heidi T. May; Kenneth H. Mayer; Diego R. Mazzotti; Caitryn M. McCallum; Brian W. McCrindle; Russell J. McCulloh; Dylan McDonald; Stephanie McInnis; Julie A. McMurry; Asuncion Mejias; Jonathan Melamed; Martha Menchaca; Alan L. Mendelsohn; Lucio Miele; Mitchell G. Miglis; Cris Milne; Joshua D. Milner; Roger A. Mitchell; Murray A. Mittleman; Sindhu Mohandas; Jonathan G. Monteiro; Vanessa Monzon; David J. Moreno; Lerraughn M. Morgan; Dmitry Morozyuk; Keith E. Morse; Erick Moyneur; Praveen C. Mudumbi; Eva M. Müller-Oehring; Naoko Muramatsu; Hugh Musick; Kshema Nagavedu; Erica R. Nahin; Anoop M. Nambiar; Benjamin H. Natelson; Michael C. Neale; Manette Ness-Cochinwala; Jane W. Newburger; Lisa T. Newman; Amber N. Nguyen; Lauren Nichols; Sheila M. Nolan; Seth Noland; Richard M. Novak; George T. O'Connor; John J. O'Keefe; Princess U. Ogbogu; Carlos R. Oliveira; Matthew E. Oster; Robert F. Padera; Henry H. Paik; Nathan M. Pajor; Huaqin Helen Pan; Deepti Pant; Andrew Partridge; Payal B. Patel; Saaya Patel; Khushboo Patel; Martin P. Paulus; Ronald M. Payne; Ann Pearman; Myriam Peralta-Carcelen; Nicolas L. Perez; Emily R. Pfaff; De-Ann M. Pillers; Chloe E. Pitsch; Neil H. Pliskin; Michael A. Portman; Radu Postelnicu; Jennifer S. Potter; Bellur S. Prabhakar; Priya Prahalad; Bharati Prasad; Barbara Predki; Alexander J. Preiss; Heather M. Prendergast; Davin K. Quinn; Yuri Quintana; Dustin J. Rabideau; Jonathan M. Radosta; Jeffrey Radwell; Hengameh Raissy; Ramaswamy Ramchandran; Isabelle Randall; Suchitra Rao; Amy Rapkiewicz; Sonja A. Rasmussen; Hanieh Razzaghi; Candida J. Rebello; Paulina A. Rebolledo; Neha V. Reddy; Unma M. Reddy; Cara Reedy; Jalees Rehman; R. R. Reichard; Kayleigh M. Reid; Jane E. Reusch; Kyung E. Rhee; Mary B. Rice; John-Ross R. Rizzo; Nadia R. Roan; Polly Robarts; Timothy R. Roberts; Nitza Rochez; Kathleen E. Rodgers; Colin M. Rogerson; Maria E. Romero; Johana M. Rosas; Erika B. Rosenzweig; Russell L. Rothman; Nadine G. Rouphael; Mark W. Russell; Melissa Rutherfoord; Arash A. Sabati; Samer B. Sader; Marzieh Salehi; Amy L. Salisbury; Barbara A. Sampson; Yamuna Sanil; Alice I. Sato; Sharon H. Saydah; Michael S. Schechter; Edward J. Schenck; Katherine I. Schlepphorst; Julia Schuchard; Tina L. Schuh; Jennifer A. Sculley; Alan C. Seifert; Anisha K. Sekar; Rangaraj Selvarangan; Sudha Seshadri; Howard D. Sesso; Dimpy P. Shah; Divya Shakti; Nancy L. Shapiro; Suchetha Sharma; Kumar Sharma; Shubhi Sharma; Kavita Sharma; Gwendolyn Shaw; Eyal Shemesh; Yishan Shen; Elizabeth Shenkman; Stephanie Shiau; Michelle Siciliano; Aylin Simsir; Veronica E. Smith; Jessica N. Snowden; Isaac H. Solomon; Leslie A. Spikes; Lindsay M. Squeglia; Shubhika Srivastava; Mary L. St. Jean; Kenneth A. Stapleford; Cheryl R. Stein; Michelle D. Stevenson; Sarah A. Stewart de Ramirez; Lauren E. Stiles; Aryeh Stock; Melissa S. Stockwell; James R. Stone; Jeran Stratford; Til Stürmer; Vignesh Subbian; Jun Sun; Mehul S. Suthar; Ashley Sylvera; David M. Systrom; Jacqueline Szmuszkovicz; Maria M. Talavera-Barber; Kelan G. Tantisira; Nancy Tartt; Tracy Terlinde; Ronald J. Teufel 2nd; Deepika Thacker; Mansi Thakrar; Stephen N. Thibodeau; Gelise L. Thomas; Moriah E. Thomason; Jiayi Tong; Robert Torres; Jessica Traenkner; Robin Tragus; Joel D. Trinity; Jena S. Tronieri; Andrea B. Troxel; Jennifer Truong; Dongngan T. Truong; Joel Tsevat; Mmekom M. Udosen; Kristen Unterberger; Paul J. Utz; Viola Vaccarino; Brittany B. Vallejos; Terry L. Vanden Hoek; Nita Vangeepuram; Jay K. Varma; Suzanne D. Vernon; Crystal M. Vidal; Sara Vivensi; Adam S. Vohra; Laura K. Wagner; Fei Wang; David Warburton; Megan R. Warner; Rebecca L. Watkins; Sara E. Watson; Ryan Webb; Ryan M. Weeks; Mark G. Weiner; Alan Werzberger; Shelby C. West; Jordan C. Weyer; Jennifer L. Wheeler; Kenneth J. Wilkins; Natasha J. Williams; Charles T. Williams; Erika S. Wimberly; Terra J. Winter; Scott C. Woller; Rachel Wong; Jeremy P. Wood; John C. Wood; Marion J. J. Wood; Qiong Wu; Yinglin Xia; Jie Xu; Samuel Yang; H. S. Yin; Hsiang S. Yin; Yun Jae Yoo; Chloe E. Young; Natalie M. Young; Chengxi Zang; William T. Zempsky; Bingyu Zhang; Yongkang Zhang; Dazheng Zhang; Emily Zimmerman; George A. Alba, MD; Radica Alicic, MD; Natasha Altman, MD; Khamal Anglin, MD, MPH; Urania Argueta, BS; Hassan Ashktorab, PhD; Gaston Baslet, MD; Ingrid V. Bassett, MD, MPH; Lucinda Bateman, MD; Brahmchetna Bedi, PhD; Shamik Bhattacharyya, MD, MS; Marie-Abele Bind, PhD; Andra L. Blomkalns, MD, MBA; Hector Bonilla, MD; Patricia A. Bush, MS, EdD; Mario Castro, MD, MPH; James Chan, MA; Alexander W. Charney, MD, PhD; Peter Chen, MD; Lori B. Chibnik, PhD, MPH; Helen Y. Chu, MD, MPH; Rebecca G. Clifton, PhD; Maged M. Costantine, MD; Sushma K. Cribbs, MD, MSc; Sylvia I. Davila Nieves, MS; Steven G. Deeks, MD; Alexandria Duven, RN; Ivette F. Emery, PhD; Nathan Erdmann, MD, PhD; Kristine M. Erlandson, MD, MS; Kacey C. Ernst, PhD, MPH; Rachael Farah-Abraham, PhD; Cheryl E. Farner, MSN; Elen M. Feuerriegel, PhD; Judes Fleurimont, MPH; Vivian Fonseca, MD; Nicholas Franko, BS; Vivian Gainer, MS; Jennifer C. Gander, PhD; Edward M. Gardner, MD; Linda N. Geng, MD, PhD; Kelly S. Gibson, MD; Minjoung Go, MD, MPH; Jason D. Goldman, MD, MPH; Halle Grebe, BS; Frank L. Greenway, MD; Mounira Habli, MD; John Hafner, MD, MPH; Jenny E. Han, MD, MS; Keith A. Hanson, MD, PhD; James Heath, PhD; Carla Hernandez, RN; Rachel Hess, MD, MS; Sally L. Hodder, MD; Matthew K. Hoffman, MD, MPH; Susan E. Hoover, MD, PhD; Beatrice Huang, BA; Brenna L. Hughes, MD; Prasanna Jagannathan, MD; Janice John, MS, MHCDS; Michael R. Jordan, MD; Stuart D. Katz, MD, MS; Elizabeth S. Kaufman, MD; John D. Kelly, MD; Sara W. Kelly, PhD, MPH; Megan M. Kemp, BA; John P. Kirwan, PhD; Jonathan D. Klein, MD, MPH; Kenneth S. Knox, MD; Jerry A. Krishnan, MD, PhD; Andre Kumar, MD; Adeyinka O. Laiyemo, MD; Allison A. Lambert, MD; Margaret Lanca, PhD; Joyce K. Lee-Iannotti, MD; Brian P. Logarbo, MD, MS; Michele T. Longo, MD; Carlos A. Luciano, MD; Karen Lutrick, PhD; Jason H. Maley, MD, MS; Jai G. Marathe, MD, MBBS; Vincent Marconi, MD; Gailen D. Marshall, MD, PhD, MS; Christopher F. Martin, MBA; Yuri Matusov, MD; Alem Mehari, MD; Hector Mendez-Figueroa, MD; Robin Mermelstein, PhD; Torri D. Metz, MD, MS; Richard Morse, BA; Jarrod Mosier, MD; Christian Mouchati, MD; Janet Mullington, PhD; Shawn N. Murphy, MD, PhD; Robert B. Neuman, MD; Janko Z. Nikolich, MD, PhD; Ighovwerha Ofotokun, MD; Elizabeth Ojemakinde, MD, MPH; Anna Palatnik, MD; Kristy Palomares, MD, PhD; Tanyalak Parimon, MD; Samuel Parry, MD; Jan E. Patterson, MD; Thomas F. Patterson, MD; Rachel E. Patzer, PhD, MPH; Michael J. Peluso, MD; Priscilla Pemu, MD, MS; Christian M. Pettker, MD; Beth A. Plunkett, MD, MPH; Kristen Pogreba-Brown, PhD; Athena Poppas, MD; John G. Quigley, MD; Uma Reddy, MD; Rebecca Reece, MD; Harrison Reeder, PhD; W. B. Reeves, MD; Eric M. Reiman, MD; Franz Rischard, DO, MSc; Jonathan Rosand, MD, MS; Dwight J. Rouse, MD; Adam Ruff, BS; George Saade, MD; Grecio J. Sandoval, PhD; Shannon M. Schlater, MS; Fitzgerald Shepherd, MD; Zaki A. Sherif, PhD; Hyagriv Simhan, MD; Nora G. Singer, MD; Daniel W. Skupski, MD; Amber Sowles, RN, BSN; Jeffrey A. Sparks, MD, MMSc; Fatima I. Sukhera, MD; Barbara S. Taylor, MD; Larissa Teunis, MPA; Robert J. Thomas, MD; John M. Thorp, MD, MS; Paul Thuluvath, MD; Amberly Ticotsky, MPH, RN; Alan T. Tita, MD, PhD; Katherine R. Tuttle, MD; Alfredo E. Urdaneta, MD; Daisy Valdivieso, BS; Timothy M. VanWagoner, PhD; Andrew Vasey, MD; Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez, MD; Zachary S. Wallace, MD; Honorine D. Ward, MD; David E. Warren, PhD; Steven J. Weiner, MS; Shelley Welch, MS; Sidney W. Whiteheart, PhD; Zanthia Wiley, MD; Juan P. Wisnivesky, MD, DrPH; Lynn M. Yee, MD; Sokratis Zisis, MD