Accepted for Publication: June 17, 2022.
Published Online: August 31, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2284
Correction: This article was corrected on October 5, 2022, to change the article to open access status under the CC-BY License.
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 Jones CM et al. JAMA Psychiatry.
Corresponding Author: Christopher M. Jones, PharmD, DrPH, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, US Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 (fjr0@cdc.gov).
Author Contributions: Dr Shoff had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Ling and Compton jointly share senior authorship.
Study concept and design: All authors.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Jones, Shoff, Hodges, Blanco, Ling, Compton.
Drafting of the manuscript: Jones, Shoff.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Shoff, Hodges, Blanco, Losby, Ling, Compton.
Statistical analysis: Jones, Shoff.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Hodges, Losby, Ling.
Study supervision: Jones, Hodges, Ling, Compton.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Compton reports long-term stock holdings in General Electric Co, 3M Companies, and Pfizer outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This study was sponsored by the US Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the National Institutes of Health.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The sponsors reviewed and approved the manuscript. The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimers: The findings and conclusions of this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health, the US Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, and the US Department of Health and Human Services.
Additional Contributions: We thank the following staff from the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for their assistance with this study: Doug Olson, MD, Ellen Blackwell, MSW, Stephanie Bartee, BS, Gloria Wheatcroft, MPH, and Leah Durbak, MPH. None of the contributors were compensated for their work.