Accepted for Publication: July 27, 2022.
Published: September 15, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31798
Correction: This article was corrected on October 12, 2022, to fix an error in Figure 3.
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 Engels G et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Johannes Liese, MD, MSc, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2 / D31, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany (liese_j@ukw.de).
Author Contributions: Drs Liese and Kurzai had full access to all study data and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Engels, Forster, Liese, and Kurzai contributed equally to this work.
Concept and design: Engels, Forster, Streng, Rücker, Pietsch, Schmidt, Jans, Dölken, Heuschmann, Härtel, Gágyor, Liese, Kurzai.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Engels, Forster, Streng, Rücker, Rudolph, Pietsch, J. Wallstabe, L. Wallstabe, Krauthausen, Schmidt, Ludwig, Bauer, Gierszewski, Bendig, Timme, Jans, Weißbrich, Romanos, Gágyor, Figge, Liese, Kurzai.
Drafting of the manuscript: Engels, Forster, Streng, Rudolph, Pietsch, J. Wallstabe, Bendig, Timme, Liese, Kurzai.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Rücker, J. Wallstabe, L. Wallstabe, Krauthausen, Schmidt, Ludwig, Bauer, Gierszewski, Jans, Weißbrich, Romanos, Dölken, Heuschmann, Härtel, Gágyor, Figge, Liese, Kurzai.
Statistical analysis: Rücker, Rudolph, Schmidt, Bauer, Bendig, Timme, Heuschmann, Figge.
Obtained funding: Romanos, Gágyor, Liese, Kurzai.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Pietsch, J. Wallstabe, L. Wallstabe, Krauthausen, Bendig, Weißbrich, Romanos, Dölken, Härtel, Gágyor, Figge, Liese, Kurzai.
Supervision: Engels, Forster, Streng, Romanos, Heuschmann, Härtel, Figge, Liese, Kurzai.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Streng reported receiving grants from GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer Pharma, Sanofi Pasteur, and MSD paid to the institution outside the submitted work. Dr Weißbrich reported receiving grants from the Federal Ministry for Education and Science grants during the conduct of the study. Dr Romanos reported receiving grants from Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung during the conduct of the study. Dr Heuschmann reported receiving grants from German Ministry of Research and Education, the European Union, the German Parkinson Society, University Hospital Würzburg, Robert Koch Institute, German Heart Foundation, Federal Joint Committee within the Innovationfond, German Research Foundation, Bavarian State (Ministry for Science and the Arts), German Cancer Aid, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin (supported by an unrestricted research grant from Bayer), University Göttingen (supported by an unrestricted research grant from Boehringer-Ingelheim), and grants from University Hospital Heidelberg (supported by an unrestricted research grant from Bayer, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Daiichi Sankyo) outside the submitted work. Dr Gágyor reported receiving personal fees from Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany during the conduct of the study. Dr Liese reported receiving grants from GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, MSD, and Sanofi Pasteur outside the submitted work. Dr Kurzai reported receiving grants from Federal Ministry for Education and Research, Free State of Bavaria, Germany COVID research funds, and the Bavarian Ministry of Health via the Bavarian Office for Health and Food Safety and receiving nonfinancial support from the city of Wuerzburg in the form of vehicles to transport equipment and personnel during the conduct of the study and receiving grants from the Federal Ministry for Education and Research and Bavarian Ministry of Health via the Bavarian Office for Science and Arts outside the submitted work and participating in SARS-CoV-2 expert panels of the city and county of Wuerzburg. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: The study was funded by the Bavarian State Ministry of Health and Care and the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (GP1i-G8000-2021/278-16) (Dr Liese).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Group Information: See Supplement 3.
Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 4.
Additional Contributions: We thank all participating day care centers and their staff for their friendly support, and all parents, children, and childcare workers for their study participation. We thank the following for their support in organizing the study: Annsophie Amman, Leonie Bode, Inga Enders, Thiemo Frank, Greta Habersack, Viktoria Hamway, Timo Spannagel, Fabian Rothbauer (Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg); Marianna Abert, Tatjana Durnev, Carolin Glatzle, Antonia Hardung, Katharina Karch, Sebastian Kollert, Tanja Mastorakis, Lena Schregelmann, Victoria Sokalski, Eva-Lotta Tanzberger, Denise Yilmaz, Stefan Zimmerling (Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg); Brigitte Wehner, Maximilian Siegl (Hematological Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg). Furthermore, we thank Patricia Niekler, MSc, and Karin Seeger, MPH, for their language support.
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