Accepted for Publication: August 2, 2022.
Published: September 20, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.32314
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 Han B et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Nora D. Volkow, MD, 301 N Stonestreet Ave, 3WFN Room 09D20, MSC 6025, Bethesda, MD 20892 (nvolkow@nida.nih.gov).
Author Contributions: Dr Han had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Han, Einstein, Jones, Compton, Volkow.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Han, Cotto, Compton, Volkow.
Drafting of the manuscript: Han, Cotto, Volkow.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Han, Einstein, Jones, Compton, Volkow.
Statistical analysis: Han.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Einstein, Jones, Cotto, Volkow.
Supervision: Volkow.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Compton reported long-term stock holdings with General Electric Co, 3M Companies, and Pfizer Inc outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: This study was sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The sponsors had a role in the review and approval of the manuscript. The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions of this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Department of Health and Human Services.