Accepted for Publication: July 26, 2022.
Published: September 22, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.32795
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 Cantor JH et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Jonathan H. Cantor, PhD, Department of Healthcare Delivery, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA 90401 (jcantor@rand.org).
Author Contributions: Dr Cantor had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Cantor, Whaley.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: Cantor.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.
Statistical analysis: Cantor, Whaley.
Obtained funding: Powell.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Whaley.
Supervision: Powell.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Whaley reported receiving grants from the National Institute on Aging, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Arnold Ventures during the conduct of the study, personal fees for speaking and consulting from Doximity outside the submitted work. Dr Stein reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study and grants from the National Institutes of Health and the FORE Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Powell reported receiving grants from the CDC and the National Institute on Drug Abuse outside the submitted work.
Funding/Support: Support was provided by the CDC (grant R01CE02999, Dr Powell), National Institute on Aging (grant K01AG061274, Dr Whaley), and the National Institute of Drug Abuse (grant 5R01DA045800-04, Dr Stein).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding organizations had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: We thank Aaron Kofner, MA, MSc (RAND Corporation), for analytic support; there was no financial compensation.