Accepted for Publication: August 28, 2022.
Published: October 17, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36524
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 O’Shea AMJ et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Amy M. J. O’Shea, PhD, MS, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 601 Highway 6 West, Mailstop 152, Iowa City, IA 52246 (amy-oshea@uiowa.edu).
Author Contributions: Dr Baum had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: O’Shea, Baum, Augustine, Kaboli.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: O’Shea, Haraldsson, Shahnazi, Kaboli.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.
Statistical analysis: Baum, Haraldsson, Augustine, Mulligan.
Obtained funding: Kaboli.
Administrative, technical, or material support: O’Shea, Shahnazi, Kaboli.
Supervision: O’Shea, Kaboli.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This material is based on work supported (or supported in part) by the Department of Veterans Affairs, VHA, Veterans Affairs Office of Connected Care (grant COR 20-199-05; Dr O’Shea) and the Office of Research and Development, Health Services Research and Development Service through the Comprehensive Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation Center (grant CIN 13-412) as well as the VHA Primary Care Analytics Team, funded by the VHA Office of Primary Care.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the US government.
Meeting Presentation: This study was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine; April 22, 2022; Orlando, Florida.
Additional Contributions: We would also like to recognize the contributions of Emily Ashmore, BS, Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, who expertly implemented our vision for Figure 1. She was not compensated for her contribution.
Additional Information: The statistical code is available by contacting Dr Baum, while the data are available to researchers with VHA accreditation. A copy of the protocol can be obtained by contacting Dr O’Shea.