Accepted for Publication: September 6, 2022.
Published: October 20, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.37711
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2022 Hung P et al. JAMA Network Open.
Corresponding Author: Peiyin Hung, PhD, MSPH, Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, 915 Greene St, Columbia, SC 29208 (hungp@email.sc.edu).
Author Contributions: Drs Hung and Liu had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Hung, Liu, Liang, Li.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: Hung, Norregaard, Shih, Zhang.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Hung, Liu, Norregaard, Liang, Olatosi, Campbell, Li.
Statistical analysis: Hung, Shih, Liang, Zhang.
Obtained funding: Hung, Liu, Liang, Li.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Hung, Liu, Norregaard, Liang, Olatosi, Campbell, Li.
Supervision: Liu, Liang, Li.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Hung reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Health Resources and Services Administration during the conduct of the study. Dr Liu reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the conduct of the study. Dr Shih reported receiving grants from University of South Carolina outside the submitted work. Dr Liang reported receiving grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Zhang reported receiving grants from NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Olatosi reported receiving grants from NIH outside the submitted work. Dr Li reported receiving grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: Research reported in this study was supported by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the NIH under award number R01AI127203-5S2.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
Additional Information: Data for this study were provided by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and the South Carolina Office of Revenue and Fiscal Affairs.