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High-risk Electrocardiogram Patterns

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1 Credit CME

A patient in their 50s presented to the emergency department (ED) with the presence of typical retrosternal chest pain radiating to the left scapular site. Essential arterial hypertension with amlodipine treatment was the only cardiovascular risk factor along with age. At the first medical evaluation, the patient’s blood pressure was 205/110 mm Hg, heart rate was 76 beats/min, peripheral oxygen saturation was 96% on room air, and temperature was 36.4 °C. The first electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained with pain that was beginning to subside (Figure, A). The first (fourth generation, not high sensitivity) serum troponin T level was 0.03 ng/mL (normal range, <0.03 ng/mL; to convert to µg/L, multiply by 1.0). A second ECG (Figure, B) and serum troponin level were obtained after 1 hour in the absence of chest pain.

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The first ECG (Figure, A) showed what at first glance would appear to be normal STE in anterior precordial leads (almost 1 mm), but normal STE in leads V2 through V4 is never accompanied by STD in leads V5 through V6 and also never by STD in leads II, III, and/or aVF. This feature suggests LAD occlusion or near occlusion as the cause of that STE.1

The biphasic T-wave inversion on the second ECG (Figure, B), along with the resolution of chest pain, are manifestations of subtle Wellens syndrome pattern A,2 which is a clinical syndrome of resolved typical chest pain and characteristic precordial T-wave inversions. The hidden cause of the syndrome is acute LAD occlusion that goes unrecorded by any ECG, followed by spontaneous reperfusion and resulting Wellens T waves. Reperfusion T waves can be biphasic (Wellens pattern A; positive in the early and negative in the late stretch) or symmetric negative (Wellens pattern B), constituting 25% and 75% of cases, respectively. Thus, Wellens syndrome is a transient STEMI, in which the STEMI was not recorded.3 In this case, the LAD occlusion is indeed recorded but is subtle because the STE does not meet STEMI criteria. Transient STEMI can be managed with a next-day angiogram and percutaneous coronary intervention, but many will reocclude in the middle of the night, rendering delayed intervention a high risk.4

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Article Information

Corresponding Author: Fabrizio Vallelonga, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Piazza del Donatore di Sangue, 3, 10154 Turin, Italy (vallelonga.fabrizio@gmail.com).

Published Online: October 17, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4704

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

References
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Smith  SW , Khalil  A , Henry  TD ,  et al.  Electrocardiographic differentiation of early repolarization from subtle anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.   Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(1):45-56.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.02.015PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
2.
Rhinehardt  J , Brady  WJ , Perron  AD , Mattu  A .  Electrocardiographic manifestations of Wellens’ syndrome.   Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20(7):638-643. doi:10.1053/ajem.2002.34800PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
3.
Wehrens  XH , Doevendans  PA , Ophuis  TJ , Wellens  HJ .  A comparison of electrocardiographic changes during reperfusion of acute myocardial infarction by thrombolysis or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.   Am Heart J. 2000;139(3):430-436. doi:10.1016/S0002-8703(00)90086-3PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Lemkes  JS , Janssens  GN , van der Hoeven  NW ,  et al.  Timing of revascularization in patients with transient ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a randomized clinical trial.   Eur Heart J. 2019;40(3):283-291. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy651PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Driver  BE , Shroff  GR , Smith  SW .  Posterior reperfusion T-waves: Wellens’ syndrome of the posterior wall.   Emerg Med J. 2017;34(2):119-123. doi:10.1136/emermed-2016-205852PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Dhawan  SS .  Pseudo-Wellens’ syndrome after crack cocaine use.   Can J Cardiol. 2008;24(5):404. doi:10.1016/S0828-282X(08)70608-1PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Miranda  DF , Lobo  AS , Walsh  B , Sandoval  Y , Smith  SW .  New insights into the use of the 12-lead electrocardiogram for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department.   Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(2):132-145. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.11.011PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Palladino  N , Shah  A , McGovern  J ,  et al.  STEMI equivalents and their incidence during EMS transport.   Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;1-7. doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1863533PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Jaiswal  AK , Shah  S .  Shark fin electrocardiogram: a deadly electrocardiogram pattern in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).   Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15989. doi:10.7759/cureus.15989PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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