Corresponding Author: Andrew M. Davis, MD, MPH, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 (amd@uchicago.edu).
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Halpern reported serving as an investigator for an ongoing clinical trial in male infertility for Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc and board of director member for the Society of Male Reproduction and Urology, an affiliate organization of the ASRM. Dr Brannigan reported serving as co-investigator of a clinical trial for Ferring Pharmaceuticals, receiving personal fees from the American Board of Urology, and serving on an editorial committee for the AUA. No other disclosures were reported.
Additional Contributions: We acknowledge the contributions of Richard J. Fantus, MD, in the development of this article, for which he was not compensated.
1.Schlegel
PN , Sigman
M , Collura
B ,
et al. Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part I.
J Urol. 2021;205(1):36-43.
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 2.Schlegel
PN , Sigman
M , Collura
B ,
et al. Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II.
J Urol. 2021;205(1):44-51.
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 3.World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility. Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in normal men.
Fertil Steril. 1996;65(4):821-829.
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 4.Meistrich
ML . Effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on spermatogenesis in humans.
Fertil Steril. 2013;100(5):1180-1186.
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 5.Wang
J , Xia
SJ , Liu
ZH ,
et al. Inguinal and subinguinal micro-varicocelectomy, the optimal surgical management of varicocele.
Asian J Androl. 2015;17(1):74-80.
PubMedGoogle Scholar 6.Bernie
AM , Mata
DA , Ramasamy
R , Schlegel
PN . Comparison of microdissection testicular sperm extraction, conventional testicular sperm extraction, and testicular sperm aspiration for nonobstructive azoospermia.
Fertil Steril. 2015;104(5):1099-103.e1, 3.
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 7.Abdel-Meguid
TA , Al-Sayyad
A , Tayib
A , Farsi
HM . Does varicocele repair improve male infertility?
Eur Urol. 2011;59(3):455-461.
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 8.Uvin
V , De Brucker
S , De Brucker
M ,
et al. Pregnancy after vasectomy.
Hum Reprod. 2018;33(7):1218-1227.
PubMedGoogle Scholar 9.Amer
M , Ateyah
A , Hany
R , Zohdy
W . Prospective comparative study between microsurgical and conventional testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia.
Hum Reprod. 2000;15(3):653-656.
PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref