Accepted for Publication: September 28, 2022.
Published Online: November 17, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.4845
Corresponding Author: Gianni Virgili, MD, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Block A, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, United Kingdom (g.virgili@qub.ac.uk).
Author Contributions: Drs Costanzo and Virgili had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Costanzo, Lengyel, Parravano, Veldsman, Badhwar, Llewellyn, Lourida, MacGillivray, Rittman, Virgili.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Costanzo, Lengyel, Biagini, Badhwar, Betts, Cherubini, Llewellyn, Rittman, Tamburin, Tai, Virgili.
Drafting of the manuscript: Costanzo, Lengyel, Biagini, Veldsman, Badhwar, Lourida, MacGillivray, Tai, Virgili.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Costanzo, Lengyel, Parravano, Veldsman, Badhwar, Betts, Cherubini, Llewellyn, Lourida, MacGillivray, Rittman, Tamburin, Tai.
Statistical analysis: Virgili.
Obtained funding: Virgili.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Costanzo, Lengyel, Veldsman, Badhwar, Betts, Tai, Virgili.
Supervision: Costanzo, Lengyel, Parravano, Llewellyn, Rittman, Virgili.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Parravano reports personal fees from Allergan, Novartis, Bayer, Roche, and Zeiss outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: The research reported in this publication was supported by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health, under the Aging Network of Italian Research Hospitals (IRCCS). The work was also supported by grant from the Medical Research Council of UK (grant MR/N029941/1) and an unrestricted grant from OPTOS Plc. The research for this article was financially supported by the Italian Ministry of Health and Fondazione Roma. This work was also funded by Alzheimer's Research UK (to Dr Llewellyn), Alan Turing Institute/Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant EP/N510129/1, to Dr Llewellyn), the National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula (to Dr Llewellyn), National Health and Medical Research Council (to Dr Llewellyn), and the National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (grant RF1AG055654, to Dr Llewellyn).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: We are grateful to Iris Gordon, MSc (Information Specialist, Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, UK), for conducting the searches for this review; compensation was not received.